In the last 20 years, the island of Puerto Rico has undergone a series of environmental, social, and economic crises. While the devastation caused by Hurricane Maria in 2017 brought nationwide and international attention to the conditions in Puerto Rico, the island has had a history of exposure to several environmental hazards and risks including tsunamis, floods, tropical storms, coral reef deterioration, severe draught, and coastal erosion. All indicators of the impact of climate change on the island’s ecological infrastructure. In addition to these hazards and risks, Puerto Rico’s financial crisis dating back to the early 2000s has reduced the capacity to maintain critical energy, health care, transportation, and communications structures. This incapacity magnified the impact of Hurricane Maria resulting in 100% loss of electricity and communication during the critical first days after the hurricane. Years of economic struggles have had serious socioeconomic ramifications that have fueled extensive out-migration to the continental USA (Mora et al. 2017). The population of Puerto Rico has decreased from 3,725,789 in 2010 to 3,193,694 in 2019, close to a half a million-population loss in less than 10 years (U.S. Census 2020). Hurricane Maria also exposed the scarcity of population data, issues in collecting new data, and to the value of existing administrative data and vital records. As the authors in this issue point out, Puerto Rico’s demographic data were limited in demonstrating the effects of Hurricane Maria’s long-term decline in population trough either mortality or migration. Indeed, during the initial months after the Hurricane, it became increasingly difficult to estimate the number of people that left the island. It also became increasingly difficult to estimate the casualties associated with the hurricane. Estimates ranged from an initial official death toll of 64 that was later refuted by a public health study which estimated the death toll close to 4000 deaths (Kishore et al. 2018). Subsequently, a study commissioned by the government of Puerto Rico put the estimated death toll at 2975 deaths (Santos-Burgoa et al. 2018). Population and Environment https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-020-00356-4

中文翻译：

---

飓风玛丽亚前后波多黎各的人口

在过去的 20 年中，波多黎各岛经历了一系列环境、社会和经济危机。虽然 2017 年飓风玛丽亚造成的破坏引起了全国和国际社会对波多黎各状况的关注，但该岛曾经历过多种环境危害和风险，包括海啸、洪水、热带风暴、珊瑚礁恶化、严重干旱、和海岸侵蚀。气候变化对岛上生态基础设施影响的所有指标。除了这些危害和风险之外，波多黎各可追溯到 2000 年代初期的金融危机已经降低了维持关键能源、医疗保健、交通和通信结构的能力。这种丧失能力放大了飓风玛丽亚的影响，导致飓风过后关键的头几天电力和通信中断 100%。多年的经济斗争产生了严重的社会经济影响，推动了向美国大陆的广泛外迁（Mora 等人，2017 年）。波多黎各的人口从 2010 年的 3,725,789 人减少到 2019 年的 3,193,694 人，在不到 10 年的时间里减少了近 50 万人口（2020 年美国人口普查）。飓风玛丽亚还暴露了人口数据的稀缺性、收集新数据的问题以及现有行政数据和重要记录的价值。正如本期作者所指出的那样，波多黎各的人口数据在证明飓风玛丽亚导致人口长期下降（无论是死亡率还是移民）方面的影响有限。事实上，在飓风过后的最初几个月里，估计离开该岛的人数变得越来越困难。估计与飓风相关的人员伤亡也变得越来越困难。估计范围从最初的官方死亡人数为 64 人，后来被一项公共卫生研究驳斥，该研究估计死亡人数接近 4000 人（Kishore 等人，2018 年）。随后，波多黎各政府委托进行的一项研究估计死亡人数为 2975 人（Santos-Burgoa 等人，2018 年）。人口与环境 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-020-00356-4 估计与飓风相关的人员伤亡也变得越来越困难。估计范围从最初的官方死亡人数为 64 人，后来被一项公共卫生研究驳斥，该研究估计死亡人数接近 4000 人（Kishore 等人，2018 年）。随后，波多黎各政府委托进行的一项研究估计死亡人数为 2975 人（Santos-Burgoa 等人，2018 年）。人口与环境 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-020-00356-4 估计与飓风相关的人员伤亡也变得越来越困难。估计范围从最初的官方死亡人数为 64 人，后来被一项公共卫生研究驳斥，该研究估计死亡人数接近 4000 人（Kishore 等人，2018 年）。随后，波多黎各政府委托进行的一项研究估计死亡人数为 2975 人（Santos-Burgoa 等人，2018 年）。人口与环境 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-020-00356-4