Neutrinos play a crucial role in the collapse and explosion of massive stars, governing the infall dynamics of the stellar core, triggering and fueling the explosion and driving the cooling and deleptonization of the newly formed neutron star. Due to their role neutrinos carry information from the heart of the explosion and, due to their weakly interacting nature, offer the only direct probe of the dynamics and thermodynamics at the center of a supernova. In this paper, we review the present status of modelling the neutrino physics and signal formation in collapsing and exploding stars. We assess the capability of current and planned large underground neutrino detectors to yield faithful information of the time and flavor-dependent neutrino signal from a future Galactic supernova. We show how the observable neutrino burst would provide a benchmark for fundamental supernova physics with unprecedented richness of detail. Exploiting the treasure of the measured neutrino events requires a careful discrimination of source-generated properties from signal features that originate on the way to the detector. As for the latter, we discuss self-induced flavor conversions associated with neutrino-neutrino interactions that occur in the deepest stellar regions; matter effects that modify the pattern of flavor conversions in the dynamical stellar envelope; neutrino-oscillation signatures that result from structural features associated with the shock-wave propagation as well as turbulent mass motions in post-shock layers. Finally, we highlight our current understanding of the formation of the diffuse supernova neutrino background and we analyse the perspectives for a detection of this relic signal that integrates the contributions from all past core-collapse supernovae in the Universe.

中文翻译：

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超新星中微子：产生，振荡和检测

中微子在大质量恒星的坍塌和爆炸中起着至关重要的作用，它控制着恒星核的内陷动力学，触发并助长了爆炸，并推动了新形成的中子星的冷却和脱硒化。由于中微子的作用，它们从爆炸的中心传递信息，并且由于它们的弱相互作用性，它们是超新星中心唯一的动力学和热力学的直接探测。在本文中，我们回顾了对中微子物理学建模和坍缩和爆炸恒星中信号形成的现状。我们评估当前和计划中的大型地下中微子探测器从未来的银河系超新星产生忠实的时间信息和与风味有关的中微子信号的能力。我们展示了可观察到的中微子爆发将如何为基础超新星物理学提供前所未有的细节丰富性的基准。利用测量到的中微子事件的宝藏，需要仔细区分源生成的特性与源于检测器的信号特征。至于后者，我们讨论了在最深的恒星区域发生的与中微子-中微子相互作用有关的自我诱导的风味转换。改变动态恒星外壳中风味转换模式的物质效应；中微子振荡信号是由与冲击波传播相关的结构特征以及震后层中的湍流质量运动产生的。最后，