Massive forest decline has been observed almost everywhere as a result of negative anthropogenic and climatic effects, which can interact with pests, fungi and other phytopathogens and aggravate their effects. Climatic changes can weaken trees and make fungi, such as Armillaria more destructive. Armillaria borealis (Marxm. & Korhonen) is a fungus from the Physalacriaceae family (Basidiomycota) widely distributed in Eurasia, including Siberia and the Far East. Species from this genus cause the root white rot disease that weakens and often kills woody plants. However, little is known about ecological behavior and genetics of A. borealis. According to field research data, A. borealis is less pathogenic than A. ostoyae, and its aggressive behavior is quite rare. Mainly A. borealis behaves as a secondary pathogen killing trees already weakened by other factors. However, changing environment might cause unpredictable effects in fungus behavior. The de novo genome assembly and annotation were performed for the A. borealis species for the first time and presented in this study. The A. borealis genome assembly contained ~ 68 Mbp and was comparable with ~ 60 and ~ 79.5 Mbp for the A. ostoyae and A. mellea genomes, respectively. The N50 for contigs equaled 50,544 bp. Functional annotation analysis revealed 21,969 protein coding genes and provided data for further comparative analysis. Repetitive sequences were also identified. The main focus for further study and comparative analysis will be on the enzymes and regulatory factors associated with pathogenicity. Pathogenic fungi such as Armillaria are currently one of the main problems in forest conservation. A comprehensive study of these species and their pathogenicity is of great importance and needs good genomic resources. The assembled genome of A. borealis presented in this study is of sufficiently good quality for further detailed comparative study on the composition of enzymes in other Armillaria species. There is also a fundamental problem with the identification and classification of species of the Armillaria genus, where the study of repetitive sequences in the genomes of basidiomycetes and their comparative analysis will help us identify more accurately taxonomy of these species and reveal their evolutionary relationships.

中文翻译：

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北极蜜环菌基因组的从头测序、组装和功能注释。


由于人为和气候的负面影响，几乎所有地方都出现了大规模的森林衰退，这些影响可能与害虫、真菌和其他植物病原体相互作用并加剧其影响。气候变化会削弱树木的强度，并使蜜环菌等真菌更具破坏性。北极蜜环菌 (Marxm. & Korhonen) 是一种来自泡囊菌科 (Basidiomycota) 的真菌，广泛分布于欧亚大陆，包括西伯利亚和远东。该属的物种会引起根部白腐病，使木本植物衰弱并经常死亡。然而，人们对北极菌的生态行为和遗传学知之甚少。根据现场研究数据，北极食线虫的致病性比奥氏食线虫要低，而且其攻击行为也相当罕见。主要是A. borealis作为次要病原体杀死已经被其他因素削弱的树木。然而，环境的变化可能会对真菌行为造成不可预测的影响。本研究首次对北极菌进行了从头基因组组装和注释。 A. borealis 基因组组装包含约 68 Mbp，与 A. ostoyae 和 A. mellea 基因组分别为约 60 和约 79.5 Mbp。重叠群的 N50 等于 50,544 bp。功能注释分析揭示了21,969个蛋白质编码基因，为进一步的比较分析提供了数据。还鉴定了重复序列。进一步研究和比较分析的主要重点将是与致病性相关的酶和调节因素。蜜环菌等病原真菌是目前森林保护的主要问题之一。对这些物种及其致病性的全面研究非常重要，并且需要良好的基因组资源。 本研究中提出的北极蜜环菌组装基因组质量足够好，可用于对其他蜜环菌物种的酶组成进行进一步详细的比较研究。蜜环菌属物种的鉴定和分类还存在一个基本问题，对担子菌基因组中重复序列的研究及其比较分析将有助于我们更准确地识别这些物种的分类并揭示其进化关系。