High-contrast, high-resolution imaging of biomedical specimens is indispensable for studying organ function and pathologies. Conventional histology, the gold standard for soft-tissue visualization, is limited by its anisotropic spatial resolution, elaborate sample preparation, and lack of quantitative image information. X-ray absorption or phase tomography have been identified as promising alternatives enabling non-destructive, distortion-free three-dimensional (3D) imaging. However, reaching sufficient contrast and resolution with a simple experimental procedure remains a major challenge. Here, we present a solution based on x-ray phase tomography through speckle-based imaging (SBI). We demonstrate on a mouse kidney that SBI delivers comprehensive 3D maps of hydrated, unstained soft tissue, revealing its microstructure and delivering quantitative tissue-density values at a density resolution of better than $2\,\,{\rm mg}/{{\rm cm}^{3}}$ and spatial resolution of better than 8 µm. We expect that SBI virtual histology will find widespread application in biomedicine and will open up new possibilities for research and histopathology.

中文翻译：

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具有近场散斑的X射线相层析成像技术，用于三维虚拟组织学

生物医学标本的高对比度，高分辨率成像对于研究器官功能和病理学是必不可少的。常规组织学是软组织可视化的黄金标准，但其各向异性的空间分辨率，复杂的样品制备以及缺乏定量的图像信息都受到限制。X射线吸收或相层析成像技术已被确认为有望实现无损，无畸变的三维（3D）成像的替代方案。然而，通过简单的实验程序达到足够的对比度和分辨率仍然是一个重大挑战。在这里，我们提出了一种基于散斑成像（SBI）的基于X射线相层析成像的解决方案。我们在小鼠肾脏上证明SBI可以提供水合的，未染色的软组织的全面3D地图，$ 2 \，\，{\ rm mg} / {{\ rm cm} ^ {3}} $，且空间分辨率优于8 µm。我们期望SBI虚拟组织学将在生物医学中得到广泛应用，并为研究和组织病理学开辟新的可能性。