Liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has become an essential tool for studying the structure and properties of both hard and soft condensed-matter samples, as well as liquids themselves. Liquid cell sample holders, often consisting of two thin window layers separating the liquid sample from the high vacuum of the microscope column, have been designed to control in situ conditions, including temperature, voltage/current, or flow through the window region. While high-resolution and time-resolved TEM imaging probes the structure, shape, and dynamics of liquid cell samples, information about the chemical composition and spatially resolved bonding is often difficult to obtain due to the liquid thickness, the window layers, the holder configuration, or beam-induced radiolysis. In this article, we review different approaches to quantitative liquid cell electron microscopy, including recent developments to perform energy-dispersive x-ray and electron energy-loss spectroscopy experiments on samples in a liquid environment or the liquid itself. We also cover graphene liquid cells and other ultrathin window layer holders.

液体细胞透射电子显微镜（TEM）已成为研究硬和软凝结物样品以及液体本身的结构和性能的重要工具。液体细胞样品架通常由两个薄的窗口层组成，可将液体样品与显微镜柱的高真空区分开来，以进行原位控制温度，电压/电流或流经窗口区域的条件。尽管高分辨率和时间分辨的TEM成像探测了液体细胞样品的结构，形状和动力学，但由于液体的厚度，窗口层，支架的配置，通常难以获得有关化学成分和空间分辨键的信息，或射线诱导的放射分解。在本文中，我们回顾了用于定量液体细胞电子显微镜的不同方法，包括对液体环境或液体本身中的样品进行能量色散X射线和电子能量损失光谱实验的最新进展。我们还将介绍石墨烯液体电池和其他超薄窗口层固定器。