Tin‐Containing Graphite for Sodium‐Ion Batteries and Hybrid Capacitors,Batteries & Supercaps

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Tin‐Containing Graphite for Sodium‐Ion Batteries and Hybrid Capacitors
Batteries & Supercaps ( IF 5.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-10 , DOI: 10.1002/batt.202000196
Thangavelu Palaniselvam _{1,

2} , Binson Babu ₂ , Hyein Moon _{3,

4} , Ivana Hasa _{3,

4} , Aggunda L. Santhosha ₁ , Mustafa Goktas ₁ , Ya‐Nan Sun _{1,

5} , Li Zhao ₅ , Bao‐Hang Han ₅ , Stefano Passerini _{3,

4} , Andrea Balducci ₂ , Philipp Adelhelm _{1,

2}

Affiliation

The limited Na‐storage capacity of graphite anodes for sodium‐ion batteries (∼110 mAh g⁻¹) is significantly enhanced by the incorporation of nanosized Sn (17 wt%). The composite (SntGraphite), prepared by simple annealing of graphite with SnCl₂, shows a specific capacity of 223 mAh g⁻¹ (at 50 mA g⁻¹) combined with excellent cycle life (i. e., 96 % of capacity retention after 2,200 cycles at 1 A g⁻¹) and initial Coulomb efficiency (90 %). The combined storage of sodium in graphite (by solvent co‐intercalation) and Sn (by alloy formation) is followed by in situ X‐ray diffraction and in situ electrochemical dilatometry (ECD). While the additional tin almost doubles the electrode capacity, its contribution to the electrode expansion (∼3 %) is surprisingly small. The use of SntGraphite as anode for sodium‐ion hybrid capacitors with activated carbon as cathode provides a maximum energy and power density of ∼93 Wh kg⁻¹ and 7.8 kW kg⁻¹, with a capacity retention of ∼80 % after 8,000 cycles.

中文翻译：

用于钠离子电池和混合电容器的含锡石墨

通过掺入纳米级的Sn（17 wt％），可以显着提高钠离子电池用石墨阳极的有限的Na存储容量（约110 mAh g ^-1）。通过将石墨与SnCl ₂进行简单退火而制备的复合材料（SntGraphite）的比容量为223 mAh g ^-1（在50 mA g ^-1时），并具有出色的循环寿命（即2,200次循环后容量保持率为96％）在1 A g ^-1）和初始库仑效率（90％）。钠在石墨中（通过溶剂共嵌入）和锡（在合金形成中）的组合存储，然后进行原位X射线衍射和原位电化学膨胀法（ECD）。尽管额外的锡几乎使电极容量增加了一倍，但其对电极膨胀的贡献（约3％）却很小。使用SntGraphite作为钠离子混合电容器的阳极，以活性炭作为阴极，可提供约93 Wh kg ^-1和7.8 kW kg ^-1的最大能量和功率密度，在8000次循环后的容量保持率约为80％。

更新日期：2020-09-10

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