Abstract Fragile cultural relics at underwater archaeological sites are difficult to preserve in situ over long time periods due to the effects of a complex and constantly changing surrounding environment. Thus, extracting the relics from water and preserving them in a controllable environment is of primary importance. In this paper, the technology of temporary reinforcement and extraction of underwater fragile relics with veratraldehyde followed by a process of secondary temporary reinforcement using polyethylene glycol (PEG) was studied. After investigating the melting temperature and permeability of PEGs with different molecular weights, we found that PEG-3000 is an excellent candidate as the secondary reinforcing agent for the extracted relics. In the laboratory, combined with veratraldehyde and polypropylene-fiber cloth as temporary underwater strengthening materials, and selected dispersed beaded jewelry and a broken three-dimensional crock as our research subject, we carried out an entire retrieval process—temporary stabilization and secondary temporary reinforcement, to systematically evaluate the technological aspects of safely excavating fragile underwater relics in the original state. After being extracted from water and subjected to secondary temporary reinforcement using PEG-3000, the beaded jewelry and broken crock retained their underwater shape and arrangement completely. The use of secondary reinforcing agent prevents the removal process of veratraldehyde and enclosed sediment from affecting the state of the relics.

中文翻译：

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水下脆弱文物原状临时凝固提取新方法

摘要 水下考古遗址脆弱的文物受周围环境复杂、不断变化的影响，难以长期原地保存。因此，从水中提取文物并将其保存在可控环境中至关重要。本文研究了藜芦醛对水下脆弱文物进行临时加固提取技术，然后采用聚乙二醇（PEG）进行二次临时加固的工艺。在研究了不同分子量 PEG 的熔化温度和渗透性后，我们发现 PEG-3000 是作为提取文物的二次增强剂的绝佳候选物。在实验室里，结合藜芦醛和聚丙烯纤维布作为水下临时加固材料，选择分散的串珠首饰和破碎的三维瓦罐作为研究对象，我们进行了整个回收过程——临时稳定和二次临时加固，系统地评估了在原始状态下安全挖掘脆弱的水下遗迹的技术方面。从水中提取并使用PEG-3000进行二次临时加固后，串珠首饰和破碎的瓦罐完全保留了其水下形状和排列。二次强化剂的使用，避免了藜芦醛和封闭沉积物的去除过程对文物状态的影响。并选择散落的串珠首饰和破碎的三维陶罐作为研究对象，进行了整个取回过程——临时稳定和二次临时加固，以系统地评估安全挖掘原始状态下脆弱水下文物的技术方面。从水中提取并使用PEG-3000进行二次临时加固后，串珠首饰和破碎的瓦罐完全保留了其水下形状和排列。二次强化剂的使用，避免了藜芦醛和封闭沉积物的去除过程对文物状态的影响。并选择散落的串珠首饰和破碎的三维陶罐作为研究对象，进行了整个取回过程——临时稳定和二次临时加固，以系统地评估安全挖掘原始状态下脆弱水下文物的技术方面。从水中提取并使用PEG-3000进行二次临时加固后，串珠首饰和破碎的瓦罐完全保留了其水下形状和排列。二次强化剂的使用，避免了藜芦醛和封闭沉积物的去除过程对文物状态的影响。系统地评估在原始状态下安全挖掘脆弱的水下遗迹的技术方面。从水中提取并使用PEG-3000进行二次临时加固后，串珠首饰和破碎的瓦罐完全保留了它们的水下形状和排列。二次强化剂的使用，避免了藜芦醛和封闭沉积物的去除过程对文物状态的影响。系统地评估在原始状态下安全挖掘脆弱的水下遗迹的技术方面。从水中提取并使用PEG-3000进行二次临时加固后，串珠首饰和破碎的瓦罐完全保留了其水下形状和排列。二次强化剂的使用，避免了藜芦醛和封闭沉积物的去除过程对文物状态的影响。