Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), are industrial chemicals that are of concern due to their environmental presence, persistence, bioaccumulative potential, toxicity, and capacity for long-range transport. Despite a large body of research on environmental exposure, insufficient chronic aquatic toxicity data exist to develop water quality targets for clean-up of federal contaminated sites in Canada. Thus, our objective was to assess the aqueous toxicity of PFOA in chronic tests with Hyalella azteca (amphipod) and early-life stage tests with Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow). Toxicity data were analyzed based on measured PFOA concentrations. Amphipod exposures were 42 d (0.84–97 mg/L) and examined survival, growth, and reproduction. Fathead minnow exposures were 21 d (0.010–76 mg/L), which encompassed hatching (5 d) and larval stages until 16 d post-hatch; endpoints included hatching success, deformities at hatch, and larval survival and growth. Amphipod survival was significantly reduced at 97 mg/L (42-d LC50 = 51 mg/L), but growth and reproduction were more sensitive endpoints (42-d EC50 for both endpoints = 2.3 mg/L). Fathead minnows were less sensitive than amphipods, exhibiting no significant effects in all endpoints with the exception of uninflated swim bladder, which was significantly higher at 76 mg/L (15%) than controls (0%). Maximum concentrations of PFOA are generally in the ng/L range in global surface waters, but can reach the μg/L range in close proximity to major source inputs; therefore, environmental concentrations are well below those that caused toxicity in the current study. Our data will provide valuable information with which to assess the risk of PFOA at contaminated sites, and to set a target for site remediation.

全氟烷基物质（PFAS），包括全氟辛酸（PFOA），由于其在环境中的存在，持久性，生物蓄积性，毒性和远距离运输能力而成为人们关注的工业化学品。尽管有大量的环境暴露研究，但长期的水生毒性数据不足，无法制定水质目标以清理加拿大的联邦污染场地。因此，我们的目的是评估PFOA在慢性测试水性毒性Hyalella阿兹特克（足目）和生命早期阶段的测试与黑头软口鲦（f鱼min鱼）。基于测得的PFOA浓度分析毒性数据。两栖动物的暴露时间为42 d（0.84–97 mg / L），检查了存活，生长和繁殖。head鱼的now鱼暴露时间为21 d（0.010-76 mg / L），包括孵化（5 d）和幼体阶段，直到孵化后16 d。终点包括孵化成功，孵化畸形以及幼虫存活和生长。两栖类动物的存活率在97 mg / L时显着降低（42天LC50 = 51 mg / L），但生长和繁殖是更敏感的终点（两个终点的42天EC50 = 2.3 mg / L）。head头min鱼不如两足动物敏感，除未充气的游泳膀胱外，其他所有方面均无显着影响，,鱼在76 mg / L（15％）时显着高于对照组（0％）。在全球地表水中，全氟辛烷磺酸的最大浓度通常在ng / L范围内，但在紧邻主要水源输入的地方可以达到μg/ L范围。因此，环境浓度远低于当前研究中引起毒性的浓度。我们的数据将提供有价值的信息，用以评估受污染场地的PFOA风险，并为场地修复设定目标。