Wheat landraces are valuable genetic resource for diversity and specific adaptation to local environmental conditions as well as increasing agronomic traits in breeding programs. Admittedly, this type of genotypes has become more crucial to face the challenges of recent climate change. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic diversity among Egyptian bread wheat landraces and commercial cultivars based on morpho-phenological and agronomic characters. Thirty-two wheat landraces were collected from eleven Egyptian provinces through collecting trips during 1987 to 1999 and, in addition, three commercial cultivars were evaluated all for fifteen qualitative and quantitative characters. Wide genetic diversity was detected based on evaluated morphological characters was observed among the landraces compared to commercial cultivars. Various landraces exhibited strong glaucosity on flag leaf, culm and ear, which is crucial character especially under dry and hot cultivation conditions as Mediterranean region. Furthermore, considerable variation among tested genotypes was demonstrated on the basis of yield-related traits and they were classified into four groups (A–D) from very high-yielding to low-yielding genotypes. Wheat landraces number 3, 8, 14, 27, 29, 33 and 35 exhibited superiority for earliness, grain yield/plant and its components compared to commercial cultivars (number 18, 19 and 20). The association among morpho-phenological and agronomic characters was studied according to principal component analysis. The evaluated characters were divided into four groups. Certain morphological characters (coleoptiles anthocyanin coloration and awns or scurs at tip of ear length) alongside the phenological characters (days to heading and maturity) and certain agronomic characters (plant height and 1000-grain weight) displayed strong association with grain yield/plant. Furthermore, estimated broad sense heritability was high for plant height, number of grains/spike, 1000-grain weight, days to heading, moderate for days to maturity and grain yield/plant presented and low for number of spikes/plant.

中文翻译：

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基于形态物候和农艺性状的小麦地方品种和商业品种的表征

小麦地方品种是多样性和对当地环境条件的特​​殊适应以及在育种计划中增加农艺性状的宝贵遗传资源。不可否认，这种类型的基因型对于应对近期气候变化的挑战变得更加重要。本研究的目的是基于形态物候和农艺性状调查埃及面包小麦地方品种和商业品种之间的遗传多样性。1987 年至 1999 年期间，通过收集旅行从埃及 11 个省收集了 32 个小麦地方品种，此外，还评估了 3 个商业品种的 15 个定性和定量性状。与商业栽培品种相比，根据评估的形态特征在地方品种中观察到广泛的遗传多样性。各种地方品种的旗叶、茎秆和穗部都表现出强烈的青光性，这在地中海地区干热栽培条件下尤为重要。此外，在与产量相关的性状的基础上证明了测试基因型之间的相当大的变异，它们被分为四组（A-D），从非常高产到低产基因型。与商业栽培品种（编号 18、19 和 20）相比，小麦地方品种 3、8、14、27、29、33 和 35 在早熟性、谷物产量/植物及其成分方面表现出优势。根据主成分分析研究了形态物候和农艺性状之间的关联。评估的字符被分为四组。某些形态特征（胚芽鞘花青素着色和穗长尖端的芒或毛刺）以及物候特征（抽穗和成熟天数）和某些农艺特征（株高和 1000 粒重）与谷物产量/植株密切相关。此外，估计的广义遗传力在株高、籽粒/穗数、千粒重、抽穗天数、成熟天数和籽粒产量/株数方面均较高，穗/株数较低。