Evolution is the source of all living organisms and hence the foundation for the ecosystem services that are directly supported by biodiversity. However, explicit connections between evolutionary history and human well-being are barely explored. Here, we focus on ethnobotanical data from Mt. Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) to identify significant associations between plant evolutionary lineages and six previously recognized usage guilds in the mountain (i.e. fodder, building material, fuelwood, food, ornamental/shading and traditional medicine), and further characterize the degree of phylogenetic overlap between the guilds using beta diversity metrics. In addition, we also explore how phylogenetic diversity of usage guilds varied along elevation and between natural and anthropized habitats. Our results suggest that the inhabitants of Mt. Kilimanjaro rely on multiple and deep lineages that specifically provide a certain type of service, supporting the notion that an increased number of lineages captures more current biodiversity benefits. However, we also found a few lineages that provided multiple benefits, indicating that particular efforts should be pursued in preserving individual multi-functional lineages of the phylogeny. Elevation was the most important factor explaining phylogenetic diversity of useful plants, whereas the effect of anthropogenic disturbance was comparatively weak. However, after controlling for the effect of elevation, a moderate negative effect of human disturbance was revealed, particularly for medicinal plants. Phylogenetic diversity of most guilds showed hump-shaped curves with elevation, revealing a major reservoir of useful plant lineages in the highly threatened montane forests of Mt. Kilimanjaro.

中文翻译：

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将植物进化史与人类福祉联系起来 坦桑尼亚乞力马扎罗

进化是所有活生物体的来源，因此是生物多样性直接支持的生态系统服务的基础。但是，几乎没有探索进化史与人类福祉之间的明确联系。在这里，我们重点关注山的民族植物学数据。乞力马扎罗山（坦桑尼亚），以查明植物进化谱系与该山上六个先前公认的使用行会（即饲料，建筑材料，薪材，食物，装饰/遮光和传统药物）之间的重要关联，并进一步描述植物之间的系统发育重叠程度。公会使用Beta多样性指标。此外，我们还探讨了使用公会的系统发育多样性如何随海拔以及自然栖息地和人工栖息地之间的变化而变化。我们的结果表明，山的居民。乞力马扎罗山依赖多种多样的深层血统，专门提供某种类型的服务，支持这样一种观念，即越来越多的血统可以捕获更多当前的生物多样性惠益。但是，我们还发现了一些具有多重益处的谱系，这表明在保存系统发育的单个多功能谱系时应进行特殊的努力。海拔高度是解释有用植物系统发育多样性的最重要因素，而人为干扰的影响相对较弱。但是，在控制了海拔升高的影响后，人们发现了中等程度的人为干扰（特别是对于药用植物）的负面影响。大多数行会的系统发育多样性都呈驼峰形曲线，且呈高起状态，揭示了在高度威胁的山山森林中有用植物谱系的主要储集层。乞力马扎罗山。