Approaches to understanding resilience from psychology and sociology emphasise individuals' agency but obscure systemic factors. Approaches to understanding resilience stemming from ecology emphasise system dynamics such as feedbacks but obscure individuals. Approaches from both psychology and ecology examine the actions or attractors available in the present, but neglect how actions taken now can affect the configuration of the social-ecological system in the future. Here, we propose an extension to resilience theory, which we label 'pathway diversity', that links existing individual, systems and temporal theories of resilience. In our theory of pathway diversity, resilience is greater if more actions are currently available and can be maintained or enhanced into the future. Using a toy model of an agricultural social-ecological system, we show how pathway diversity could deliver a context-sensitive method of assessing resilience and guiding planning. Using a toy state-and-transition model of a poverty trap, we show how pathway diversity is generally consistent with existing definitions of resilience and can illuminate long-standing questions about normative and descriptive resilience. Our results show that pathway diversity advances both theoretical understanding and practical tools for building resilience.

中文翻译：

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作为路径多样性的弹性：连接系统、个人和弹性的时间观点

从心理学和社会学理解复原力的方法强调个人的能动性，但模糊了系统性因素。理解源于生态学的复原力的方法强调系统动态，例如反馈，但模糊个人。心理学和生态学的方法检查当前可用的行动或吸引子，但忽略了现在采取的行动如何影响未来社会生态系统的配置。在这里，我们提出了弹性理论的扩展，我们将其称为“途径多样性”，它将现有的个体、系统和弹性的时间理论联系起来。在我们的路径多样性理论中，如果当前有更多的行动可用并且可以在未来保持或增强，则复原力会更大。使用农业社会生态系统的玩具模型，我们展示了路径多样性如何提供一种上下文敏感的方法来评估弹性和指导规划。使用贫困陷阱的玩具状态和过渡模型，我们展示了路径多样性如何与现有的弹性定义大体一致，并且可以阐明关于规范性和描述性弹性的长期存在的问题。我们的研究结果表明，通路多样性促进了理论理解和建立弹性的实用工具。我们展示了路径多样性如何与现有的弹性定义基本一致，并且可以阐明关于规范性和描述性弹性的长期问题。我们的研究结果表明，通路多样性促进了理论理解和建立弹性的实用工具。我们展示了路径多样性如何与现有的弹性定义基本一致，并且可以阐明关于规范性和描述性弹性的长期问题。我们的研究结果表明，通路多样性促进了理论理解和建立弹性的实用工具。