Almost all known foodborne pathogens are able to form biofilms as one of the strategies for survival under harsh living conditions, to ward off the inhibition and the disinfection during food production, transport and storage, as well as during cleaning and sanitation of corresponding facilities. Biofilms are communities where microbial cells live under constant intracellular interaction and communication. Members of the biofilm community are embedded into extracellular matrix that contains polysaccharides, DNA, lipids, proteins, and small molecules that protect microorganisms and enable their intercellular communication under stress conditions. Membrane vesicles (MVs) are produced by both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. These lipid membrane‐enveloped nanoparticles play an important role in biofilm genesis and in communication between different biofilm members. Furthermore, MVs are involved in other important steps of bacterial life like cell wall modeling, cellular division, and intercellular communication. They also carry toxins and virulence factors, as well as nucleic acids and different metabolites, and play a key role in host infections. After entering host cells, MVs can start many pathologic processes and cause serious harm and cell death. Prevention and inhibition of both biofilm formation and shedding of MVs by foodborne pathogens has a very important role in food production, storage, and food safety in general. Better knowledge of biofilm formation and maintaining, as well as the role of microbial vesicles in this process and in the process of host cells’ infection is essential for food safety and prevention of both food spoilage and host infection.

中文翻译：

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生物膜形成和细胞外微泡-食源性病原体抵抗耐药性的方式。

几乎所有已知的食源性病原体都能够形成生物膜，作为在恶劣的生活条件下生存的策略之一，从而可以在食品生产，运输和存储以及相应设施的清洁和卫生过程中避免抑制和消毒。生物膜是微生物细胞在不断的细胞内相互作用和通讯下生活的社区。生物膜群落的成员被嵌入到细胞外基质中，该基质包含多糖，DNA，脂质，蛋白质和小分子，这些分子可以保护微生物并在压力条件下使其细胞间通讯。革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌均会产生膜囊泡（MVs）。这些包裹脂质膜的纳米颗粒在生物膜的发生以及不同生物膜成员之间的交流中起着重要作用。此外，MV参与细菌生命的其他重要步骤，例如细胞壁建模，细胞分裂和细胞间通讯。它们还携带毒素和毒力因子以及核酸和不同的代谢产物，并在宿主感染中起关键作用。进入宿主细胞后，MV可开始许多病理过程，并造成严重的伤害和细胞死亡。总体上，预防和抑制食源性病原体对生物膜的形成和MV的脱落具有非常重要的作用。更好地了解生物膜的形成和维持，