Enemy‐risk effects, often referred to as non‐consumptive effects (NCEs), are an important feature of predator–prey ecology, but their significance has had little impact on the conceptual underpinning or practice of biological control. We provide an overview of enemy‐risk effects in predator–prey interactions, discuss ways in which risk effects may impact biocontrol programs and suggest avenues for further integration of natural enemy ecology and integrated pest management. Enemy‐risk effects can have important influences on different stages of biological control programs, including natural enemy selection, efficacy testing and quantification of non‐target impacts. Enemy‐risk effects can also shape the interactions of biological control with other pest management practices. Biocontrol systems also provide community ecologists with some of the richest examples of behaviourally mediated trophic cascades and demonstrations of how enemy‐risk effects play out among species with no shared evolutionary history, important topics for invasion biology and conservation. We conclude that the longstanding use of ecological theory by biocontrol practitioners should be expanded to incorporate enemy‐risk effects, and that community ecologists will find many opportunities to study enemy‐risk effects in biocontrol settings.

中文翻译：

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臭虫吓ing臭虫：生物控制系统中的敌人危险效应。

敌对效应通常被称为非消费效应（NCE），是捕食者－猎物生态系统的重要特征，但其重要性对生物控制的概念基础或实践影响不大。我们提供了捕食者与猎物相互作用中敌人风险效应的概述，讨论了风险效应可能影响生物防治计划的方式，并提出了进一步整合天敌生态系统和虫害综合治理的途径。敌人风险效应可能会对生物控制程序的不同阶段产生重要影响，包括天敌选择，功效测试和非目标影响的量化。敌对效应也可以影响生物控制与其他有害生物管理实践的相互作用。生物控制系统还为社区生态学家提供了一些最丰富的行为介导的营养级联实例，并演示了敌人风险效应如何在没有共同进化史，入侵生物学和保护重要课题的物种间发挥出来。我们得出的结论是，应该扩大生物防治从业者对生态理论的长期使用，以纳入敌对风险效应，并且社区生态学家将发现许多在生物防治环境中研究敌对风险效应的机会。