Infectious diseases are a leading cause of death worldwide with over 8 million fatalities accounted for in 2016. Solicitation of host immune defenses by vaccination is the treatment of choice to prevent these infections. It has long been thought that vaccine immunity was solely mediated by the adaptive immune system. However, over the past decade, numerous studies have shown that innate immune cells can also retain memory of these encounters. This process, called innate immune memory, is mediated by metabolic and epigenetic changes that make cells either hyperresponsive (trained immunity) or hyporesponsive (tolerance) to subsequent challenges. In this review, we discuss the concepts of trained immunity and tolerance in the context of host‐pathogen interactions.

中文翻译：

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训练有素的免疫和宿主-病原体相互作用。

传染病是世界范围内的主要死亡原因，2016 年死亡人数超过 800 万。通过疫苗接种诱导宿主免疫防御是预防这些感染的首选治疗方法。长期以来，人们一直认为疫苗免疫仅由适应性免疫系统介导。然而，在过去十年中，大量研究表明先天免疫细胞也可以保留对这些遭遇的记忆。这个过程称为先天免疫记忆，由代谢和表观遗传变化介导，使细胞对随后的挑战反应过度（受过训练的免疫）或反应性低下（耐受性）。在这篇综述中，我们在宿主-病原体相互作用的背景下讨论了训练有素的免疫和耐受的概念。