Cytokines in tissues and physiological fluids can function as potentially suitable biomarkers. Cytokines are involved in stimulating different body responses including inflammatory response to external pathogens, regulating cell-to-cell communication, and maintaining tissue homeostasis. Consequently, cytokines are extensively used to monitor and predict disease progression and to track the outcome of patient treatment. The critical diagnosis of cytokine and chemokine biomarkers has been the focus of attention and it has been continuously directing the trajectory of related research to developing a novel sensing platform. Given the major challenges and constraints of the older identification methods including their high costs, low sensitivity, and high specificity, the development of biosensor technology as a simple and inexpensive tool with high sensitivity is quite attractive and interesting. The fundamental aim of this study is to present the state-of-the-art biosensor systems in order to detect different types of cytokines and to emphasize the role of these systems in the prevention, monitoring, and treatment of various cytokine-associated diseases.

中文翻译：

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生物传感器：检测细胞因子的新方法和最新发现

组织和生理液体中的细胞因子可以作为潜在的合适生物标志物。细胞因子参与刺激不同的身体反应，包括对外部病原体的炎症反应、调节细胞间通讯和维持组织稳态。因此，细胞因子被广泛用于监测和预测疾病进展以及跟踪患者治疗的结果。细胞因子和趋化因子生物标志物的关键诊断一直是人们关注的焦点，并不断引导相关研究的轨迹开发新型传感平台。鉴于旧识别方法的主要挑战和限制，包括成本高、灵敏度低和特异性高，生物传感器技术作为一种简单且廉价且具有高灵敏度的工具的发展是相当有吸引力和有趣的。本研究的基本目的是展示最先进的生物传感器系统，以检测不同类型的细胞因子，并强调这些系统在预防、监测和治疗各种细胞因子相关疾病中的作用。