Agricultural machinery is crucial to agriculture because it enables field activities and production in large scale. Through mechanisation, agriculture requires inputs such as fuel and indirectly demands materials. Its impact can be assessed through energy, water and carbon footprints. Some studies have updated indices for agricultural machinery, showing different results from those of the 1970s and 1980s. This study presents environmental indices based on energy, carbon and water footprints for the life cycle of six types of agricultural machinery. The machines studied were tractors, sugarcane harvesters, coffee harvesters, sprayers, planters and combiners. Inputs used directly (assembly phase) and for the maintenance phase have been taken into account. The total energy, carbon and water footprints were by multiplying the material flows by their respective energy embodiments, consumed water and carbon footprints indices. Carbon steel accounted for the highest share (30–70%) of energy demand, 45–79% of carbon footprint and 19–59% of water footprint. However, the coffee harvester was an exception since it used nylon making it the machinery with the largest water footprint. Repair and maintenance accounted for a smaller share of all footprints, except for the sugarcane harvester. The water footprint was from 21 to 55 m³ for tractors and between 35 and 391 m3 for other machines. Energy demand varied between 259 and 685 GJ to tractors and between 400 and 3500 GJ for other machines. The carbon footprint varied between 11 and 30 t CO2e for tractors and between 27 and 176 tonne [CO2e] for other machines.

中文翻译：

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农业机械的能源、碳和水足迹

农业机械对农业至关重要，因为它可以实现大规模的田间活动和生产。通过机械化，农业需要燃料等投入，间接需要材料。其影响可以通过能源、水和碳足迹进行评估。一些研究更新了农业机械指数，显示出与 1970 年代和 1980 年代不同的结果。本研究提出了基于能源、碳和水足迹的六种农业机械生命周期的环境指数。研究的机器是拖拉机、甘蔗收割机、咖啡收割机、喷雾机、播种机和联合收割机。直接使用（组装阶段）和维护阶段的输入已被考虑在内。总能量，碳足迹和水足迹是通过将材料流量乘以其各自的能源实施方式、消耗的水和碳足迹指数来计算的。碳钢占能源需求的最高份额 (30-70%)、碳足迹的 45-79% 和水足迹的 19-59%。然而，咖啡收割机是个例外，因为它使用尼龙，使其成为水足迹最大的机器。除甘蔗收割机外，维修和维护在所有足迹中所占的份额较小。拖拉机的水足迹为 21 至 55 立方米，其他机器的水足迹为 35 至 391 立方米。拖拉机的能量需求在 259 到 685 GJ 之间变化，其他机器的能量需求在 400 到 3500 GJ 之间变化。拖拉机的碳足迹在 11 到 30 吨 CO2e 之间变化，其他机器的碳足迹在 27 到 176 吨 [CO2e] 之间变化。