Tobacco dependence has been found to increase smoking cravings, and reduce both self-efficacy and motivation to quit. The present research proposes to test the hypothesis that such negative consequences are related to identity concerns and should thus appear more strongly in dependent smokers with a high (vs. low) smoker identity. In two correlational studies, daily smokers (Study 1: N = 237; Study 2: N = 154) were assessed for tobacco dependence, smoker identity, self-efficacy, craving to smoke (Study 1), and motivation to quit (Study 2). Among smokers who declared to be strongly dependent, those scoring high in smoker identity reported more smoking cravings (β = .28, p = .008, 95% CI [0.084, 0.563], $ {\upeta}_p^{{}^2} $ = .03) and less motivation to quit than those scoring low (β = –.58, p = .003, 95% CI [–1.379, –0.282], $ {\upeta}_p^{{}^2} $ = .06). Smoker identity was unrelated to these variables among non-dependent smokers (ps > .40). The relationship between tobacco dependence and self-efficacy was not affected by smoker identity (ps > .45). Through these studies, we provided evidence that the implications of tobacco dependence on smoking maintenance and difficulties in quitting may be, in part, explained by identity mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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解释烟草依赖对渴望、自我效能和戒烟动机的后果：对身份问题的考虑

已发现烟草依赖会增加对吸烟的渴望，并降低自我效能感和戒烟动机。本研究建议检验这样的假设，即这种负面后果与身份问题有关，因此在具有高（与低）吸烟者身份的依赖吸烟者中表现得更强烈。在两项相关研究中，每日吸烟者（研究 1：ñ= 237; 研究 2：ñ= 154) 评估了烟草依赖、吸烟者身份、自我效能、对吸烟的渴望（研究 1）和戒烟动机（研究 2）。在声称强烈依赖的吸烟者中，吸烟者身份得分高的人报告了更多的吸烟渴望（β = .28，p= .008, 95% CI [0.084, 0.563], $ {\upeta}_p^{{}^2} $ = .03) 并且比得分低的人戒烟动机更少 (β = –.58,p= .003, 95% CI [–1.379, –0.282], $ {\upeta}_p^{{}^2} $ = .06)。在非依赖吸烟者中，吸烟者身份与这些变量无关（ps > .40)。烟草依赖与自我效能之间的关系不受吸烟者身份的影响（ps > .45)。通过这些研究，我们提供的证据表明，烟草依赖对维持吸烟和戒烟困难的影响可能部分由身份机制解释。