Abstract Various Achillea species are rich in bioactive compounds and are important medicinal plants in phytotherapy. In the present study, Achillea millefolium L., Achillea moschata Wulfen, and Achillea atrata L. were compared with respect to their phenolic profile and antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria strains (Staphylococcus, Propionibacterium). Particular focus was given to A. atrata, which has hardly been studied so far. Based on the metabolite profile, A. atrata exhibited more similarities to A. moschata than to A. millefolium. The former two only differed in the occurrence of four compounds. The flavonols syringetin-3-O-glucoside and mearnsetin-hexoside, not reported for an Achillea species before, have been detected in A. atrata and A. moschata. All Achillea species reduced growth of the tested bacteria. A. atrata demonstrated highest activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, both being involved in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. Furthermore, A. atrata has a pronounced anti–methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus potential. Bioassay-guided fractionation revealed that only the most polar fraction of A. moschata displayed antimicrobial activity, which was attributed to phenolics such as apigenin, centaureidin, and nevadensin, being present in high amounts in A. atrata. Thus, this alpine species shows promising antimicrobial activity and might be a potential source for developing novel dermal/topical drugs.

中文翻译：

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不同蓍草种类（Achillea sp.）的植物化学特征及其抗菌活性研究

摘要 蓍属植物种类繁多，富含生物活性化合物，是重要的植物治疗药用植物。在本研究中，对 Achillea millefolium L.、Achillea moschata Wulfen 和 Achillea atrata L. 的酚类特征和对革兰氏阳性细菌菌株（葡萄球菌、丙酸杆菌）的抗菌活性进行了比较。特别关注 A. atrata，迄今为止几乎没有对其进行研究。根据代谢物谱，A. atrata 与 A. moschata 的相似性高于与 A. millefolium 的相似性。前两者仅在四种化合物的出现上有所不同。在 A. atrata 和 A. moschata 中检测到了黄酮醇类注射器tin-3-O-glucoside 和 mearnsetin-hexoside，以前没有报道过 Achillea 物种。所有 Achillea 物种都减少了测试细菌的生长。一种。atrata 对痤疮丙酸杆菌和表皮葡萄球菌表现出最高的活性，两者都参与寻常痤疮的发病机制。此外，A. atrata 具有明显的抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的潜力。生物测定引导的分级分离显示，只有 A. moschata 的极性最强的部分显示出抗菌活性，这归因于 A. atrata 中大量存在的酚类物质，如芹菜素、centaureidin 和 nevadensin。因此，这种高山物种显示出有希望的抗菌活性，可能是开发新型皮肤/外用药物的潜在来源。atrata 具有明显的抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的潜力。生物测定引导的分级分离显示，只有 A. moschata 的极性最强的部分显示出抗菌活性，这归因于 A. atrata 中大量存在的酚类物质，如芹菜素、centaureidin 和 nevadensin。因此，这种高山物种显示出有希望的抗菌活性，可能是开发新型皮肤/外用药物的潜在来源。atrata 具有明显的抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的潜力。生物测定引导的分级分离显示，只有 A. moschata 的极性最强的部分显示出抗菌活性，这归因于 A. atrata 中大量存在的酚类物质，如芹菜素、centaureidin 和 nevadensin。因此，这种高山物种显示出有希望的抗菌活性，可能是开发新型皮肤/外用药物的潜在来源。