Per‐ and poly‐fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large, heterogenous group of chemicals of potential concern to human health and the environment. Based on information for a few relatively well‐understood PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate, there is ample basis to suspect that at least a subset can be considered persistent, bioaccumulative, and/or toxic. However, data suitable for determining risks in either prospective or retrospective assessments are lacking for the majority of PFAS. In August 2019, the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry sponsored a workshop that focused on the state‐of‐the‐science supporting risk assessment of PFAS. The present review summarizes discussions concerning the ecotoxicology and ecological risks of PFAS. First, we summarize currently available information relevant to problem formulation/prioritization, exposure, and hazard/effects of PFAS in the context of regulatory and ecological risk assessment activities from around the world. We then describe critical gaps and uncertainties relative to ecological risk assessments for PFAS and propose approaches to address these needs. Recommendations include the development of more comprehensive monitoring programs to support exposure assessment, an emphasis on research to support the formulation of predictive models for bioaccumulation, and the development of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods to efficiently assess biological effects for potentially sensitive species/endpoints. Addressing needs associated with assessing the ecological risk of PFAS will require cross‐disciplinary approaches that employ both conventional and new methods in an integrated, resource‐effective manner. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:564–605. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.

中文翻译：

---

评估全氟烷基和多氟烷基物质的生态风险：科学现状和建议的前进道路


全氟烷基物质和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 包含一大类对人类健康和环境具有潜在影响的异质化学物质。根据一些相对较好理解的 PFAS（例如全氟辛烷磺酸和全氟辛酸盐）的信息，有充分的依据怀疑至少其中一部分可被认为具有持久性、生物累积性和/或毒性。然而，大多数 PFAS 缺乏适合在前瞻性或回顾性评估中确定风险的数据。 2019 年 8 月，环境毒理学和化学学会主办了一次研讨会，重点讨论支持 PFAS 风险评估的最新科学水平。本综述总结了有关 PFAS 的生态毒理学和生态风险的讨论。首先，我们在世界各地的监管和生态风险评估活动的背景下总结了与 PFAS 问题制定/优先级排序、暴露和危害/影响相关的当前可用信息。然后，我们描述了与 PFAS 生态风险评估相关的关键差距和不确定性，并提出了解决这些需求的方法。建议包括制定更全面的监测计划以支持暴露评估​​，强调研究以支持生物蓄积预测模型的制定，以及开发计算机、体外和体内方法以有效评估潜在敏感物质的生物效应物种/终点。满足与评估 PFAS 生态风险相关的需求需要采取跨学科方法，以综合、资源有效的方式采用传统方法和新方法。环境毒理学化学2021；40：564–605。 © 2020 作者。 《环境毒理学和化学》由 Wiley periodicals LLC 代表 SETAC 出版。本文由美国政府雇员撰写，他们的作品在美国属于公共领域。