Abstract The dynamic complexity and the limited spatiotemporal structure of thunderstorms make the collection of reliable and systematic measurements of this phenomenon, which are definitely needed to evaluate its action on structures, challenging. The Northern Tyrrhenian is a “hot-spot” for the genesis of severe potentially damaging wind phenomena, such as downbursts. In the context of the European projects “Wind and Ports” and “Wind, Ports and Sea”, a large and complex wind monitoring network has been installed just in this area. Here, three LiDAR profilers provide a vertical scanning of the atmosphere up to 250 ​m above the ground level. From their continuous recordings, a method to extract thunderstorm events is herein proposed, based on an automated procedure involving systematic quantitative controls and specific qualitative judgments. Starting from it, this paper provides a comprehensive investigation and comparison of the main parameters ruling the outflow vertical profiles of a selected subset of thunderstorms. The nose shape of the wind profiles appears mainly during the velocity ramp-up and peak stages. During the downburst, the wind direction is systematically invariant with height. The capability of LiDAR to measure the wind speed turbulence component is also discussed and its properties along the vertical profile are shown.

中文翻译：

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雷暴外流垂直剖面特征

摘要 雷暴的动态复杂性和有限的时空结构使得收集这种现象的可靠和系统的测量结果，绝对需要评估其对结构的作用，具有挑战性。北第勒尼安是严重潜在破坏性风现象（例如下击暴流）起源的“热点”。在欧洲项目“Wind and Ports”和“Wind, Ports and Sea”的背景下，就在该区域安装了一个大型复杂的风力监测网络。在这里，三个 LiDAR 剖面仪提供了对地面以上 250 米的大气垂直扫描。根据他们的连续记录，本文提出了一种提取雷暴事件的方法，该方法基于涉及系统定量控制和特定定性判断的自动化程序。从它开始，本文对决定选定雷暴子集的流出垂直廓线的主要参数进行了全面调查和比较。风廓线的鼻形主要出现在速度上升和峰值阶段。在下击暴流期间，风向与高度系统地保持不变。还讨论了 LiDAR 测量风速湍流分量的能力，并显示了其沿垂直剖面的特性。