Abstract Electrospray (ES) cooling is a promising technique for dissipating high heat fluxes due to its excellent heat transfer characteristics and high energy efficiency. Conventional sprays exhibit a low efficiency due to droplet rebound and require a high pumping power. These issues are resolved with electrospraying, in which fine droplets are dispersed and accelerated with an electric field, thereby improving the cooling efficiency with a relatively lower pumping power and a low overall system weight. In this study, we investigate the thermal performance of ES cooling with water as the working fluid using a single stainless-steel nozzle with an inner diameter Di = 410 μm. We use three different flow rates, Q = 200, 400, and 600 μL/min, with a wide range of applied ES potentials, V1 = 0–7 kV, to investigate various ES modes. The results show that an increase in the applied ES potential can improve the heat transfer performance by 12.58% and 6.65% in the single-phase and transition regions, respectively, while the improvement is insignificant in the nucleate boiling region and at the critical heat flux. The variations in the ES mode are examined in detail using sequential optical images captured by a high-speed camera. Dimensionless correlations for each cooling regime are proposed using the Weber, electric Weber, and modified boiling numbers. These correlations provide good predictions of the heat transfer performance for all applied ES potentials and flow rates with an overall mean absolute error of 2.96%.

中文翻译：

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水基电喷雾冷却的传热性能

摘要 电喷雾 (ES) 冷却因其优异的传热特性和高能效而成为一种很有前途的高热通量技术。传统喷雾由于液滴反弹而表现出低效率，并且需要高泵送功率。这些问题通过电喷雾得到解决，其中细小液滴通过电场分散和加速，从而以相对较低的泵送功率和较低的整体系统重量提高冷却效率。在这项研究中，我们使用内径 Di = 410 μm 的单个不锈钢喷嘴研究了以水作为工作流体的 ES 冷却的热性能。我们使用三种不同的流速，Q = 200、400 和 600 μL/min，以及广泛的应用 ES 电位，V1 = 0–7 kV，来研究各种 ES 模式。结果表明，在单相区和过渡区，增加外加ES势能分别提高12.58%和6.65%的传热性能，而在核沸腾区和临界热通量处提高不显着。 . 使用高速相机拍摄的连续光学图像详细检查 ES 模式的变化。使用韦伯、电韦伯和修正沸腾数提出了每种冷却方式的无量纲相关性。这些相关性为所有应用的 ES 电位和流速提供了对传热性能的良好预测，总体平均绝对误差为 2.96%。而在核沸腾区和临界热通量处改善不显着。使用高速相机拍摄的连续光学图像详细检查 ES 模式的变化。使用韦伯、电韦伯和修正沸腾数提出了每种冷却方式的无量纲相关性。这些相关性为所有应用的 ES 电位和流速提供了对传热性能的良好预测，总体平均绝对误差为 2.96%。而在核沸腾区和临界热通量处改善不显着。使用高速相机拍摄的连续光学图像详细检查 ES 模式的变化。使用韦伯、电韦伯和修正沸腾数提出了每种冷却方式的无量纲相关性。这些相关性为所有应用的 ES 电位和流速提供了对传热性能的良好预测，总体平均绝对误差为 2.96%。