It is generally assumed that forests improve ecosystem service (ES) provisioning within landscapes. These assumptions drive policies (e.g. Payment for Ecosystem Services) that affect land-use without knowing if the desired services are achieved. Here we use a data-intensive approach to explore the synergies and tradeoffs between three regulating (hydrologic regulation, water quality, carbon storage) and one supporting ES (biodiversity). Using field-based measurements for ten ES indicators collected within eight land use/land cover (LULC) types we assess: (1) the relationship between ES indicators and LULC type and (2) the synergies and tradeoffs across ES indicators. For objective one, we found that primary forests promote more favorable hydrological services, including having greater base flow, flow regulation, and soil conductivity. For objective two, we observed synergies across many ES where management of one would improve provisioning for several other ES, specifically between low flow, carbon storage, and biodiversity. However, many ES parameters (e.g. water quality) had no relationship with other ES parameters. Our results underscore the value of site-specific research in addressing assumptions about the relationship between LULC and ES provisioning. More site-specific data is needed for more informed design of management strategies that can maximize ES benefits.

通常认为森林改善了景观内的生态系统服务（ES）供应。这些假设推动了影响土地使用的政策（例如，生态系统服务付款），而不知道是否实现了所需的服务。在这里，我们使用数据密集型方法来探索三种调节（水文调节，水质，碳储量）和一种支持性ES（生物多样性）之间的协同作用和取舍。通过对8种土地利用/土地覆盖类型（LULC）中收集的10种ES指标进行实地​​测量，我们评估：（1）ES指标与LULC类型之间的关系，以及（2）ES指标之间的协同作用和权衡。对于目标1，我们发现原始森林促进了更有利的水文服务，包括具有更大的基本流量，流量调节和土壤电导率。对于目标二，我们观察到了许多ES之间的协同效应，其中一个ES的管理可以改善其他ES的配置，特别是在低流量，碳存储和生物多样性之间。但是，许多ES参数（例如水质）与其他ES参数无关。我们的结果强调了针对特定场所的研究在解决关于LULC与ES供应之间关系的假设方面的价值。需要更多特定于站点的数据来更明智地设计管理策略，以最大程度地提高ES效益。我们的结果强调了针对特定场所的研究在解决关于LULC与ES供应之间关系的假设方面的价值。需要更多特定于站点的数据来更明智地设计管理策略，以最大程度地提高ES效益。我们的结果强调了针对特定场所的研究在解决关于LULC与ES供应之间关系的假设方面的价值。需要更多特定于站点的数据来更明智地设计管理策略，以最大程度地提高ES效益。