The abilities of global ecosystems to produce services are declining; while the demands for these services are rapidly increasing. However, there is limited understanding of mismatches between supply and demand of ecosystem services (ESs), which has serious implications for both human wellbeing and environmental sustainability, particularly in drylands. This paper provides three perspectives: (1) an understanding of ESs in dryland catchments from a systemic process perspective; (2) an understanding of ESs in dryland catchments from a spatial management perspective; and (3) an understanding of mismatches between ecosystem service supply (ESS) and ecosystem service demand (ESD) from a long timeframe perspective. We then propose a driver-based framework for managing the mismatches between ESS and ESD. It is expected that applying these perspectives and the framework in an integrated way can assist in addressing ES mismatches to achieve ecological security and sustainable development of the socio-economy in drylands.

全球生态系统提供服务的能力正在下降；而对这些服务的需求正在迅速增加。但是，对生态系统服务供需不匹配的了解有限，这对人类福祉和环境可持续性都产生了严重影响，特别是在干旱地区。本文提供了三种观点：（1）从系统过程的角度了解干旱地区流域的生态系统；（2）从空间管理的角​​度了解旱地流域的生态系统；（3）从长远的角度理解生态系统服务供应（ESS）和生态系统服务需求（ESD）之间的不匹配。然后，我们提出一个基于驱动程序的框架来管理ESS和ESD之间的不匹配。