Paleosol-sedimentary sequences encountered in the settlements with long occupation history could provide a unique insight into the trends of landscape development and human-environment interaction over long time scales. We studied paleosols exposed by the excavations in the Kremlin of Zaraysk (Central European Russia) which were formed during the late Pleistocene and the Holocene and contain archaeological materials spanning from Upper Palaeolithic till late Medieval. Archaeological findings and numerous radiocarbon dates provide a reliable time frame for paleopedological record which we extracted from paleosols using macro- and micromorphological observations as well as physical and chemical properties and paleobotanical indicators (phytolith assemblages). The basal layer without archaeological materials presents signs of soil formation which resemble Bryansk fossil soil developed in the second half of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3. The overlying archaeological stratum - one of the Gravettian cultural layers is linked to the paleosol level known as Zaraysk soil. Its age is estimated at 16 ka BP. Macro- and micromorphological features point to moderate dark humus accumulation, anthropogenic compaction and cryogenic processes at the final stages of paleopedogenesis. Poorly sorted heterogeneous composition of the mineral material with a large proportion of sand grains indicates colluvial origin of the paleosol parent material. The overlying sorted silty deposit supposes contribution of windblown material to its formation. We associate cryogenic and eolian processes at the end and after Zaraysk soil development with the cold intervals at the end MIS 2, presumably with the Oldest and Younger Dryas. The complete profile of Luvisol/Grey Forest Soil with eluvial and illuvial horizons and relict dark humus morphons is developed within the silty unit. This soil indicates long-term natural pedogenesis under first steppe and then deciduous forest vegetation during major part of the Holocene. The topsoil however is formed by clear plough horizon which points to cultivation started in the Middle Ages. Sharp boundary separates the buried Luvisol from the overlying cultural layer-Technosol developed after building of Zaraysk Kremlin in the 16th century. Technosol presents a mixture of natural soil with construction materials, especially limestone fragments. Soil units, both natural and affected by humans, are not separated one from another by an unaltered C horizon, so soil-forming processes from the upper soils penetrate into the underlying ones forming a multistory pedocomplex.

在具有长期占领历史的定居点中遇到的古沉积沉积序列可以为长期尺度上景观发展和人与环境相互作用的趋势提供独特的见解。我们研究了在Zaraysk（中欧俄罗斯）的克里姆林宫的开挖中暴露的古土壤，这些古土壤是在更新世晚期和全新世期间形成的，包含从上旧石器时代到中世纪晚期的考古材料。考古发现和大量放射性碳年代为古生物学记录提供了可靠的时间框架，我们使用宏观和微观形态学观察以及理化特性和古植物指示剂（植物岩组合）从古土壤中提取了古生物学记录。没有考古物质的基础层表现出土壤形成的迹象，类似于在海洋同位素阶段（MIS）3下半年开发的Bryansk化石土壤。上覆的考古层-Gravettian文化层之一与称为Zaraysk的古土壤水平相关泥。估计年龄为16 ka BP。宏观和微观形态学特征表明，在古种群形成的最后阶段，中等腐殖质积累，人为压实和低温过程。矿物材料的非均质成分分类不佳，其中沙粒比例很大，这表明古土壤母质物质的共生起源。上层分选的粉质矿床假定风吹物质对其形成有贡献。我们将Zaraysk土壤发育结束时和之后的低温和风成过程与MIS 2末期的冷间隔联系起来，大概是与最古老和最年轻的树蛙有关。在粉质单元内形成了具有露水和露水层以及残存的深色腐殖质吗啡的路维索尔/灰色森林土壤的完整剖面。这种土壤表明，在全新世的主要时期，首先是草原，然后是落叶森林植被，这是长期的自然成岩作用。然而，表层土壤是由清晰的耕层构成的，这表明耕种始于中世纪。尖锐的边界将埋藏的卢维索尔与上层文化层-Technosol分开，后者是在16世纪Zaraysk克里姆林宫建成后开发的。Technosol提供了天然土壤与建筑材料（尤其是石灰石碎片）的混合物。土壤单位