Drug abuse is a global problem, requiring an interdisciplinary approach. Discovery, production, trafficking, and consumption of illicit drugs have been constantly growing, leading to heavy consequences for environment, human health, and society in general. Therefore, an urgent need for rapid, sensitive, portable and easy-to-operate detection methods for numerous drugs of interest in diverse matrices, from police samples, biological fluids and hair to sewage water has risen. Electrochemical sensors are promising alternatives to chromatography and spectrometry. Last decades, electrochemical sensing of illegal drugs has experienced a very significant growth, driven by improved transducers and signal amplifiers helping to improve the sensitivity and selectivity. The present review summarizes recent advances (last 10 years) in electrochemical detection of the most prevailing illicit drugs (such as cocaine, heroin, and (meth)amphetamine), their precursors and derivatives in different matrices. Various electrochemical sensors making use of different transducers with their (dis)advantages were discussed, and their sensitivity and applicability were critically compared. In those cases where natural or synthetic recognition elements were included in the sensing system to increase specificity, selected recognition elements, their immobilization, working conditions, and analytical performance were discussed. Finally, an outlook is presented with suggestions and recommendations for future developments.

药物滥用是一个全球性问题，需要采取跨学科的方法。非法药物的发现，生产，贩运和消费一直在增长，从而给环境，人类健康和整个社会带来沉重后果。因此，迫切需要一种快速，灵敏，便携式且易于操作的检测方法，用于从警察样本，生物液体和头发到污水中的各种基质中的多种目标药物。电化学传感器是色谱法和光谱法的有希望的替代方法。在过去的几十年中，在改进的传感器和信号放大器的帮助下，对非法药物的电化学检测取得了非常显着的增长，有助于提高灵敏度和选择性。本综述总结了电化学检测最流行的非法药物（如可卡因，海洛因和（甲基）苯丙胺），其前体和衍生物在不同基质中的最新进展（近10年）。讨论了各种电化学传感器，它们利用具有不同（缺点）的传感器，并对它们的灵敏度和适用性进行了严格的比较。在那些将天然或合成识别元件包括在传感系统中以提高特异性的情况下，将讨论选定的识别元件，其固定化，工作条件和分析性能。最后，提出了对未来发展的展望和建议。它们的前体和衍生物在不同的基质中。讨论了各种电化学传感器，它们利用具有不同（缺点）的传感器，并对它们的灵敏度和适用性进行了严格的比较。在那些将天然或合成识别元件包括在传感系统中以提高特异性的情况下，将讨论选定的识别元件，其固定化，工作条件和分析性能。最后，提出了对未来发展的展望和建议。它们的前体和衍生物在不同的基质中。讨论了各种电化学传感器，它们利用具有不同（缺点）的传感器，并对它们的灵敏度和适用性进行了严格的比较。在那些将天然或合成识别元件包括在传感系统中以提高特异性的情况下，将讨论选定的识别元件，其固定化，工作条件和分析性能。最后，提出了对未来发展的展望和建议。在那些将天然或合成识别元件包括在传感系统中以提高特异性的情况下，将讨论选定的识别元件，其固定性，工作条件和分析性能。最后，提出了对未来发展的展望和建议。在那些将天然或合成识别元件包括在传感系统中以提高特异性的情况下，将讨论选定的识别元件，其固定化，工作条件和分析性能。最后，提出了对未来发展的展望和建议。