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Partial rewarding during clicker training does not improve naïve dogs' learning speed and induces a pessimistic-like affective state.
Animal Cognition ( IF 1.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-08 , DOI: 10.1007/s10071-020-01425-9
Giulia Cimarelli 1, 2 , Julia Schoesswender 1 , Roberta Vitiello 1, 3, 4, 5 , Ludwig Huber 1 , Zsófia Virányi 1
Affiliation  

Clicker training is considered a welfare-friendly way of teaching novel behaviors to animals because it is mostly based on the positive reinforcement. However, trainers largely vary in their way of applying this training technique. According to the most, a reward (e.g., food) should follow every click, while others claim that dogs learn faster when the reward is sometimes omitted. One argument against the use of partial rewarding is that it induces frustration in the animal, raising concerns over its welfare consequences. Here, we investigated the effect of partial rewarding not only on training efficacy (learning speed), but also on dogs’ affective state. We clicker-trained two groups of dogs: one group received food after every click while the other group received food only 60% of the time. Considering previous evidence of the influencing role of personality on reactions to frustrated expectations, we included measurements of dogs’ emotional reactivity. We compared the number of trials needed to reach a learning criterion and their pessimistic bias in a cognitive bias test. No difference between the two groups emerged in terms of learning speed; however, dogs that were partially rewarded during clicker training showed a more pessimistic bias than dogs that were continuously rewarded. Generally, emotional reactivity was positively associated with a more pessimistic bias. Partial rewarding does not improve training efficacy, but it is associated with a negatively valenced affective state, bringing support to the hypothesis that partial rewarding might negatively affect dogs’ welfare.



中文翻译:

答题者训练过程中的部分奖励并不能提高幼犬的学习速度,并诱发悲观般的情感状态。

答题器培训被认为是一种有益于动物的新颖行为教学方法,因为它主要基于积极的强化。但是,培训师在应用此培训技术的方式上存在很大差异。大多数人认为,每次点击都应附有奖励(例如食物),而其他人则声称,有时会忽略奖励而使狗学得更快。反对使用部分奖励的一种论点是,它会引起动物的挫败感,引起人们对其福利后果的担忧。在这里,我们研究了部分奖励不仅对训练效果(学习速度)的影响,而且对狗的情感状态也有影响。我们对两只狗进行了Clicker训练:一组在每次点击后接受食物,而另一组仅60%的时间接受了食物。考虑到以前的人格对沮丧的期望反应的影响作用的证据,我们纳入了对狗情绪反应的测量。我们在认知偏见测试中比较了达到学习标准所需的试验次数及其悲观偏见。两组在学习速度上没有差异。但是,在单击器训练中获得部分奖励的狗比持续奖励的狗表现出更悲观的偏见。通常,情绪反应与更悲观的偏向正相关。部分奖励并不能提高训练效果,但会与负价态的情感状态相关联,从而支持以下假设:部分奖励可能会对狗的福利产生负面影响。我们测量了狗的情绪反应能力。我们在认知偏见测试中比较了达到学习标准所需的试验次数及其悲观偏见。两组在学习速度上没有差异。但是,在单击器训练中获得部分奖励的狗比持续奖励的狗表现出更悲观的偏见。通常,情绪反应与更悲观的偏向正相关。部分奖励并不能提高训练效果,但会与负价态的情感状态相关联,从而支持以下假设:部分奖励可能会对狗的福利产生负面影响。我们测量了狗的情绪反应能力。我们在认知偏见测试中比较了达到学习标准所需的试验次数及其悲观偏见。两组在学习速度上没有差异。但是,在单击器训练中获得部分奖励的狗比持续奖励的狗表现出更悲观的偏见。通常,情绪反应与更悲观的偏向正相关。部分奖励并不能提高训练效果,但会与负价态的情感状态相关联,从而支持以下假设:部分奖励可能会对狗的福利产生负面影响。我们在认知偏见测试中比较了达到学习标准所需的试验次数及其悲观偏见。两组在学习速度上没有差异。但是,在单击器训练中获得部分奖励的狗比持续奖励的狗表现出更悲观的偏见。通常,情绪反应与更悲观的偏向正相关。部分奖励并不能提高训练效果,但会与负价态的情感状态相关联,从而支持以下假设:部分奖励可能会对狗的福利产生负面影响。我们在认知偏见测试中比较了达到学习标准所需的试验次数及其悲观偏见。两组在学习速度上没有差异。但是,在单击器训练中获得部分奖励的狗比持续奖励的狗表现出更悲观的偏见。通常,情绪反应与更悲观的偏向正相关。部分奖励并不能提高训练效果,但会与负价态的情感状态相关联,从而支持以下假设:部分奖励可能会对狗的福利产生负面影响。在Clicker训练中获得部分奖励的狗比持续奖励的狗表现出更悲观的偏见。通常,情绪反应与更悲观的偏向正相关。部分奖励并不能提高训练效果,但会与负价态的情感状态相关联,从而支持以下假设:部分奖励可能会对狗的福利产生负面影响。在Clicker训练中获得部分奖励的狗比持续奖励的狗表现出更悲观的偏见。通常,情绪反应与更悲观的偏向正相关。部分奖励并不能提高训练效果,但会与负价态的情感状态相关联,从而支持以下假设:部分奖励可能会对狗的福利产生负面影响。

更新日期:2020-09-08
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