Purpose: The aim of research is to fabricate nanostructured hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings on the titanium via electrochemical deposition (ED). Additionally, the biological properties of the ED-produced HA (EDHA) coatings with a plate-like nanostructure were evaluated in vitro and in vivo by undertaking comparisons with those prepared by acid/alkali (AA) treatment and by plasma spray-produced HA (PSHA) nanotopography-free coatings.
Materials and Methods: Nanoplate-like HA coatings were prepared through ED, and nanotopography-free PSHA coatings were fabricated. The surface morphology, phase composition, roughness, and wettability of these samples were investigated. Furthermore, the growth, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on each sample were evaluated via in vitro experiments. Histological assessment and push-out tests for the bone–implant interface were performed to explore the effect of the EDHA coatings on the interfacial osseointegration in vivo.
Results: XRD analysis showed that the strongest intensity for the EDHA coatings was at the (002) plane rather than at the regular (211) plane. Relatively higher surface roughness and greater wettability were observed for the EDHA coatings. Cellular experiments revealed that the plate-like nanostructured EDHA coatings not only possessed an ability, similar to that of PSHA coatings, to promote the adhesion and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells but also demonstrated significantly enhanced early or intermediate markers of osteogenic differentiation. Significant osseointegration enhancement in the early stage of implantation period and great bonding strength were observed at the interface of bone and EDHA samples. In comparison, relatively weak osseointegration and bonding strength of the bone–implant interface were observed for the AA treatment.
Conclusion: The biological performance of the plate-like nanostructured EDHA coating, which was comparable with that of the PSHA, improves early-stage osteogenic differentiation and osseointegration abilities and has great potential for enhancing the initial stability and long-term survival of uncemented or 3D porous titanium implants.

Keywords: electrochemical deposition, hydroxyapatite coatings, nanoscale, osteogenic activity, osseointegration


中文翻译：

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具有增强的早期成骨活性和骨整合的钛上纳米结构羟基磷灰石涂层的电化学沉积

目的：研究的目的是通过电化学沉积（ED）在钛上制备纳米结构的羟基磷灰石（HA）涂层。此外，通过与酸/碱 (AA) 处理和等离子喷涂产生的 HA 制备的涂层进行比较，在体外和体内评估了具有板状纳米结构的 ED 产生的 HA (EDHA) 涂层的生物学特性。 PSHA) 无纳米形貌涂层。
材料和方法：通过 ED 制备纳米片状 HA 涂层，并制备了无纳米形貌的 PSHA 涂层。研究了这些样品的表面形态、相组成、粗糙度和润湿性。此外，通过体外实验评估了在每个样品上培养的 MC3T3-E1 细胞的生长、增殖和成骨分化。进行了骨-植入物界面的组织学评估和推出试验，以探索 EDHA 涂层对体内界面骨整合的影响。
结果：XRD 分析表明 EDHA 涂层的最强强度是在 (002) 平面而不是在常规 (211) 平面。对于 EDHA 涂层，观察到相对较高的表面粗糙度和较大的润湿性。细胞实验表明，板状纳米结构 EDHA 涂层不仅具有类似于 PSHA 涂层的能力，可以促进 MC3T3-E1 细胞的粘附和增殖，而且还显示出显着增强的成骨分化的早期或中期标志物。在植入早期阶段骨整合显着增强，在骨和 EDHA 样品的界面处观察到了很大的结合强度。相比之下，AA 治疗观察到骨-植入物界面的骨整合和结合强度相对较弱。
结论：板状纳米结构 EDHA 涂层的生物学性能与 PSHA 相媲美，提高了早期成骨分化和骨整合能力，对增强未胶结或 3D 的初始稳定性和长期存活具有很大潜力。多孔钛植入物。

关键词：电化学沉积，羟基磷灰石涂层，纳米级，成骨活性，骨整合