Research on 2D materials has been one of the fastest-growing fields in condensed matter and materials science research in the past 10 years. The low dimensionality and strong correlations of 2D systems give rise to electronic and structural properties, in the form of collective excitations, that do not have counterparts in ordinary 3D materials used in modern technology. These 2D materials present extraordinary opportunities for new technologies, such as in flexible electronics. In this Review, we focus on plasmons, excitons, phonons and magnons in 2D materials. We discuss the theoretical formalism of these collective excitations and elucidate how they differ from their 3D counterparts.

在过去的10年中，二维材料的研究一直是凝聚态物质和材料科学研究领域发展最快的领域之一。2D系统的低维度和强相关性以集体激发的形式产生了电子和结构特性，这与现代技术中使用的普通3D材料没有对应关系。这些2D材料为柔性电子等新技术提供了非凡的机会。在这篇评论中，我们关注二维材料中的等离激元，激子，声子和磁振子。我们讨论了这些集体激励的理论形式主义，并阐明了它们与3D激励之间的区别。