The first of the transfermium elements—those elements with an atomic number greater than 100—were discovered in the 1950s, largely by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) in California and the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia. After each new element was claimed to have been discovered by one lab, the claim was contested by the other. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) formed a joint working group to end the controversies, the Joint Neutral Group (JNG). When that group failed to resolve the discovery disputes, another was formed, the Transfermium Working Group (TWG). Neutrality was a value important to both groups, giving them the credibility necessary to act as mediators. For the JNG in the 1970s, and the TWG in the late 1980s, neutrality had different meanings and was attempted in different ways. The extensive use of archival collections in this paper provides a more complex and nuanced look at the geopolitical and disciplinary tensions surrounding these discovery disputes and the attempts at neutrality, in its different forms, to resolve them.

中文翻译：

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尝试中立：冷战科学争议中的学科和国家政治

1950年代发现了第一批the元素，即原子序数大于100的元素，主要是由加利福尼亚的劳伦斯·伯克利实验室（LBL）和俄罗斯杜布纳联合核研究所（JINR）发现的。在声称每个新元素被一个实验室发现后，该主张又被另一实验室质疑。国际纯粹与应用化学联合会（IUPAC）和国际纯粹与应用物理联合会（IUPAP）组成了一个联合工作组，以结束争议，即联合中立小组（JNG）。当该小组未能解决发现争议时，成立了另一个小组，即Transfer工作小组（TWG）。中立对于这两个群体都非常重要，这给了他们作为调解人所必需的信誉。对于1970年代的JNG和1980年代后期的TWG，中立具有不同的含义，并且以不同的方式被尝试。本文中档案馆藏的广泛使用为围绕这些发现纠纷的地缘政治和纪律紧张关系以及解决这些冲突的不同形式的尝试提供了更为复杂和细致的观察。