Improving the rate capability of lithium-ion batteries is beneficial to the convenience of electric vehicle application. The high-rate charging, however, leads to lithium inventory loss, mechanical effects and even thermal runaway. Therefore, the optimal charging algorithm of Li-ion batteries should achieve the shortest charging interval with minimal degradation. This paper thoroughly reviews the recent progress on fast charging in terms of material chemistry, thermal issues and charging optimization. Specifically, the microscale mechanisms that limit rate capability are explored and methods for material modification are addressed in detail. To improves the operation safety and battery lifespan at wider temperature ranges, side reactions induced by charging at extreme temperatures are analyzed and solutions are discussed. Preheating at low temperatures is highlighted especially. Furthermore, charging optimization based on local volume expansion, battery model and big data is summarized. Finally, challenges and promising directions as possible inspirations for future research towards fast charging are proposed.

提高锂离子电池的倍率能力有利于电动汽车的方便使用。但是，高速率充电会导致锂库存损失，机械效应甚至热失控。因此，最佳的锂离子电池充电算法应能实现最短的充电间隔，并且降级最小。本文从材料化学，热学问题和充电优化等方面全面回顾了快速充电的最新进展。具体而言，探讨了限制速率能力的微观机制，并详细介绍了用于材料改性的方法。为了提高在较宽温度范围内的操作安全性和电池寿命，分析了在极端温度下充电引起的副反应并讨论了解决方法。低温下的预热尤为突出。此外，总结了基于局部容量扩展，电池模型和大数据的充电优化。最后，提出了挑战和有希望的方向，作为未来快速充电研究的可能灵感。