Abstract This study offers a Nature-based Solutions (NbS) for the recovery of long-term oil-polluted soils. An NPK-type substituted organic fertilizer (SOF) was formulated using available nature-based materials, and its effect on bacterial diversity, richness and community composition investigated during the remediation of a long-term crude oil-impacted soil. Results obtained were compared to a control and a chemical fertilizer (CF) treatment. The rate of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) degradation was observed to be highest in the SOF treatment (0.022 d – 1) compared to the CF (0.016 d – 1) and control treatments (0.001 d – 1). Improvement of bacterial diversity in the SOF treatment significantly correlated with pH and soil organic matter (SOM). Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum across all the treatment systems. Acidocella was dominant in both the control and CF treatments, while Brevundimonas and Alcanivorax were the most abundant genera in the SOF treatment. The bacterial community structure and composition were significantly differentiated (PERMANOVA, p ≤ 0.01) in the different treatment processes. Constrained redundancy analysis revealed that pH, SOM, calcium, TPH and potassium influences the bacterial community composition. Analysis of bacterial community interaction suggests that there was higher efficiency in information processing and chemical transmission in the SOF treatment compared to the CF treatment. PICRUSt2-based functional prediction revealed that dissimilatory/assimilatory nitrate reduction and denitrification were among biomarkers in the nutrient amended treatments, while enzymes for nitrogen fixation were differentially abundant in the control treatment. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that the formulated NbS-fertilizer might stimulate more rapid biodegradation by improving soil nutrients and the proliferation of diverse microbial species in oil-polluted soils.

中文翻译：

---

碳氢化合物修复过程中细菌群落对自然施肥的功能属性和响应

摘要 本研究为恢复长期受油污染的土壤提供了一种基于自然的解决方案 (NbS)。使用可用的天然材料配制 NPK 型替代有机肥 (SOF)，并在长期受原油影响的土壤修复过程中研究了其对细菌多样性、丰富度和群落组成的影响。将获得的结果与对照和化肥 (CF) 处理进行比较。观察到与 CF (0.016 d – 1) 和对照处理 (0.001 d – 1) 相比，SOF 处理 (0.022 d – 1) 的总石油烃 (TPH) 降解率最高。SOF 处理中细菌多样性的改善与 pH 值和土壤有机质 (SOM) 显着相关。Proteobacteria 是所有处理系统中的优势门。Acidocella 在对照和 CF 处理中均占优势，而 Brevundimonas 和 Alcanivorax 是 SOF 处理中最丰富的属。在不同的处理过程中，细菌群落结构和组成存在显着差异（PERMANOVA，p ≤ 0.01）。约束冗余分析表明，pH、SOM、钙、TPH 和钾会影响细菌群落组成。对细菌群落相互作用的分析表明，与 CF 处理相比，SOF 处理在信息处理和化学传递方面具有更高的效率。基于 PICRUSt2 的功能预测显示，异化/同化硝酸盐还原和反硝化是营养修正处理中的生物标志物，而固氮酶在对照处理中的含量不同。总的来说，这项研究的结果表明，配制的 NbS 肥料可能会通过改善土壤养分和油污染土壤中多种微生物种类的增殖来促进更快速的生物降解。