The normal brain development and function are delicately driven by an ever-changing milieu of steroid hormones arising from fetal, placental, and maternal origins. This reliance on the neuroendocrine system sets the stage for the exquisite sensitivity of the central nervous system to the adverse effects of endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most common EDCs which has been a particular focus of environmental concern for decades due to its widespread nature and formidable threat to human and animal health. The heightened regulatory actions and the scientific and public concern over the adverse health effects of BPA have led to its replacement with a suite of structurally similar but less known alternative chemicals. Bisphenol S (BPS) is the main substitute for BPA that is increasingly being used in a wide array of consumer and industrial products. Although it was considered to be a safe BPA alternative, mounting evidence points to the deleterious effects of BPS on a wide range of neuroendocrine functions in animals. In addition to its reproductive toxicity, recent experimental efforts indicate that BPS has a considerable potential to induce neurotoxicity and behavioral dysfunction. This review analyzes the current state of knowledge regarding the neurobehavioral effects of BPS and discusses its potential mode of actions on several aspects of the neuroendocrine system. We summarize the role of certain hormones and their signaling pathways in the regulation of brain and behavior and discuss how BPS induces neurotoxicity through interactions with these pathways. Finally, we review potential links between BPS exposure and aberrant neurobehavioral functions in animals and identify key knowledge gaps and hypotheses for future research.

正常的大脑发育和功能是由胎儿，胎盘和母体来源的类固醇激素不断变化的环境驱动的。对神经内分泌系统的这种依赖为中枢神经系统对破坏内分泌化学物质（EDC）的不良反应的敏感性奠定了基础。双酚A（BPA）是最常见的EDC之一，由于其广泛的性质以及对人类和动物健康的巨大威胁，数十年来一直是环境关注的焦点。BPA日益严格的监管措施以及对公众健康的科学和公众关注已导致BPA被一系列结构相似但鲜为人知的替代化学品取代。双酚S（BPS）是BPA的主要替代物，双酚S越来越多地用于各种消费和工业产品中。尽管它被认为是一种安全的BPA替代品，但越来越多的证据表明BPS对动物广泛的神经内分泌功能具有有害作用。除了其生殖毒性外，最近的实验结果表明BPS具有诱发神经毒性和行为障碍的巨大潜力。这篇综述分析了有关BPS的神经行为效应的当前知识状态，并讨论了其在神经内分泌系统几个方面的潜在作用方式。我们总结了某些激素及其信号通路在调节大脑和行为中的作用，并讨论了BPS如何通过与这些通路的相互作用诱导神经毒性。