Vitrification of mammalian tissues is important in the areas of human assisted reproduction, animal reproduction, and regenerative medicine. Non-permeating cryoprotectants (CPAs), particularly sucrose, are increasingly used in conjunction with permeating CPAs for vitrification of mammalian tissues. Combining non-permeating and permeating CPAs was found to further improve post-thaw viability and functionalities of vitrified mammalian tissues, showing the potential applications of such tissues in various clinical and veterinary settings. With the rising demand for the use of non-permeating CPAs in vitrification of mammalian tissues, there is a strong need for a timely and comprehensive review on the supplemental effects of non-permeating CPAs toward vitrification outcomes of mammalian tissues. In this review, we first discuss the roles of non-permeating CPAs including sugars and high molecular weight polymers in vitrification. We then summarize the supplemental effects of non-permeating CPAs on viability and functionalities of mammalian embryos, and ovarian, testicular, articular cartilage, tracheal, and kidney tissues following vitrification. Lastly, challenges associated with the use of non-permeating CPAs in vitrification of mammalian tissues are briefly discussed.

中文翻译：

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非渗透性冷冻保护剂作为哺乳动物组织玻璃化补充剂的综述

哺乳动物组织的玻璃化在人类辅助生殖、动物生殖和再生医学领域很重要。非渗透性冷冻保护剂 (CPA)，尤其是蔗糖，越来越多地与渗透性冷冻保护剂结合使用，用于哺乳动物组织的玻璃化。发现结合非渗透性和渗透性 CPA 可进一步提高玻璃化哺乳动物组织的解冻后活力和功能，显示出此类组织在各种临床和兽医环境中的潜在应用。随着对在哺乳动物组织玻璃化中使用非渗透性 CPA 的需求不断增加，迫切需要及时全面审查非渗透性 CPA 对哺乳动物组织玻璃化结果的补充作用。在这次审查中，我们首先讨论非渗透性 CPA 包括糖和高分子量聚合物在玻璃化中的作用。然后，我们总结了非渗透性 CPA 对玻璃化后哺乳动物胚胎、卵巢、睾丸、关节软骨、气管和肾组织的活力和功能的补充影响。最后，简要讨论了与在哺乳动物组织玻璃化中使用非渗透性 CPA 相关的挑战。