Saltwater intrusion and its spatial distribution using a multidisciplinary approach were investigated on the northeast coast of Bafra Plain, which is one of the most important delta plains in Turkey. Intensive agricultural activity in the study area, which supplies the local and international market with agricultural products, is increasing the importance of this ecosystem. Even the groundwater potential and supply are high; the main problem is the groundwater degradation due to salinization. Moreover, local lithological, tectonic and hydrological complexities increase the uncertainty in the interpretation of the collected (chemical, geophysical, etc.) data, providing an inaccurate geomodel. Specifically, in the study area, there are mixtures of freshwater/saltwater aquifers and geological units containing clay lenses/thin layers and fine-grained alluvium. At the same time, these geological formations have similar resistivity responses, and the ambiguity of the collected electric and electromagnetic geophysical data is high. Therefore, a third geophysical method (seismic refraction), which is sensitive to different physical parameters to constrain the uncertainty in the interpretation, was used. In this study, the salinization of Bafra Plain and complex aquifer system was revealed with the combined use of direct-current resistivity and transient electromagnetic data constrained by seismic refraction data and guided by hydrogeological and hydrochemical data. Using information obtained from multidisciplinary study, we inferred that the intrusion is monitored inland up to 3.5 km. The intrusion is traced after approximately the first 10 m depth in the central part of the plain. Additionally, in some areas, it was concluded that the intrusion is interrupted by clay lenses. Also, drainage channels constructed in the plain have brought soil salinization under control but have not completely succeeded in controlling the saltwater intrusion into the deeper aquifer. The saltwater intrusion can move more inland if groundwater pumping is not controlled, especially in areas close to the river.

中文翻译：

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巴夫拉平原盐水入侵的确定与评价：地球物理、水文地质和水化学数据的联合解释

在土耳其最重要的三角洲平原之一的巴夫拉平原东北海岸，使用多学科方法研究了咸水入侵及其空间分布。研究区密集的农业活动为当地和国际市场提供农产品，正在增加该生态系统的重要性。甚至地下水潜力和供应量都很高；主要问题是由于盐碱化导致地下水退化。此外，当地岩性、构造和水文的复杂性增加了对收集到的（化学、地球物理等）数据的解释的不确定性，从而提供了不准确的地质模型。具体而言，在研究区，有淡水/咸水含水层和包含粘土透镜体/薄层和细粒冲积层的地质单元的混合物。同时，这些地质构造具有相似的电阻率响应，所采集的电、电磁地球物理数据的模糊性较高。因此，使用了第三种地球物理方法（地震折射），该方法对不同物理参数敏感以限制解释中的不确定性。本研究结合直流电阻率和瞬态电磁数据，以地震折射数据为约束，以水文地质和水化学数据为指导，揭示了巴夫拉平原和复杂含水层系统的盐渍化。使用从多学科研究中获得的信息，我们推断，入侵被监测到 3.5 公里以内的内陆。在平原中心部分大约第一个 10 m 深度后追踪入侵。此外，在某些地区，得出的结论是侵入被粘土透镜中断。此外，在平原上修建的排水渠控制了土壤盐渍化，但并没有完全成功地控制盐水侵入更深的含水层。如果不控制地下水抽取，盐水入侵可能会向内陆移动，尤其是在靠近河流的地区。在平原上修建的排水渠控制了土壤盐渍化，但并没有完全成功地控制盐水侵入更深的含水层。如果不控制地下水抽取，盐水入侵可能会向内陆移动，尤其是在靠近河流的地区。在平原上修建的排水渠控制了土壤盐渍化，但并没有完全成功地控制盐水侵入更深的含水层。如果不控制地下水抽取，盐水入侵可能会向内陆移动，尤其是在靠近河流的地区。