As already observed as early as 1967 by Ingvar and Risberg in their pioneering work, effects of practice of working memory on cerebral functions have been confirmed repeatedly in a number of neuroimaging studies using positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Accordingly, initial performance gains are typically accompanied by increased cerebral activation, while consolidation of such performance gains goes along with a subsequent decrease in activation resembling an inverse U-shaped function. This observed pattern can be interpreted as an economization of cerebral functioning as tasks are being accomplished with relatively lower effort and may also apply to other cognitive domains. However, the economization of cerebral activation under training may depend on task difficulty and training characteristics on the one hand and individual factors, including age, intelligence, cognitive reserve, education, physical and mental health on the other. These findings bear important implications for the design of neuroimaging studies and stimulation protocols, in which similar tasks are routinely repeated.

中文翻译：

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训练下脑活动的经济化：重新审视倒 U 形函数

早在 1967 年 Ingvar 和 Risberg 在他们的开创性工作中就已经观察到，在使用正电子发射断层扫描 (PET) 和功能磁共振成像 (fMRI) 的许多神经影像学研究中，工作记忆的实践对大脑功能的影响已被反复证实. 因此，最初的性能提升通常伴随着大脑激活的增加，而这种性能提升的巩固伴随着随后的激活减少，类似于倒 U 形功能。这种观察到的模式可以解释为大脑功能的节约，因为任务正在以相对较低的努力完成，并且也可能适用于其他认知领域。然而，训练中大脑激活的节约一方面取决于任务难度和训练特点，另一方面取决于个体因素，包括年龄、智力、认知储备、教育、身心健康。这些发现对神经影像学研究和刺激方案的设计具有重要意义，其中经常重复类似的任务。