Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are regarded as a safe and stable antimicrobial that can inactivate bacteria by several potential working mechanisms. We aimed to incorporate ZnO NPs into packaging material to control Campylobacter in raw chicken meat. ZnO NPs were first incorporated into three-dimensional (3D) paper tubes to identify the lethal concentration against Campylobacter jejuni, which was selected as the working concentration to develop 2D functionalized absorbing pads by an ultrasound-assisted dipping technique. The functionalized pad was placed underneath raw chicken meat to inactivate C. jejuni and the predominant chicken microbiota at 4°C within 8 days of storage. Immobilized ZnO NPs at 0.856 mg/cm² reduced C. jejuni from ∼4 log CFU/25 g raw chicken meat to an undetectable level after 3 days of storage. Analysis by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy showed that the Zn level increased from 0.02 to 0.17 mg/cm² in treated raw chicken meat. Scanning electron microscopy validated the absence of nanoparticle migration onto raw chicken meat after treatment. Inactivation of C. jejuni was associated with the increase of lactic acid produced by Lactobacillus in raw chicken meat in a pH-dependent manner. Less than 5% of Zn²⁺ was released from ZnO NPs at neutral pH, while up to 88% was released when the pH was <3.5 within 2 days. Whole-transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis demonstrated a broad effect of ZnO NPs on genes involved in various cellular developmental processes as annotated by gene ontology. Taken together, the results indicate that functionalized absorbing pads inactivated C. jejuni in raw chicken meat by immobilized ZnO NPs along with the controllable released Zn²⁺.

中文翻译：

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固定化氧化锌纳米粒子的主动包装可控制生鸡肉中的空肠弯曲菌。

氧化锌纳米颗粒（ZnO NPs）被认为是一种安全稳定的抗菌剂，可以通过几种潜在的工作机制使细菌失活。我们旨在将ZnO NP掺入包装材料中，以控制生鸡肉中的弯曲杆菌。首先将ZnO NPs掺入三维（3D）纸管中，以鉴定针对空肠弯曲菌的致死浓度，该浓度被选定为通过超声辅助浸渍技术开发2D功能化吸收垫的工作浓度。将功能化的垫放置在生鸡肉下方，以在存储8天之内在4°C下灭活空肠弯曲杆菌和主要的鸡菌群。固定的0.856 mg / cm ^2的ZnO NP减少存储3天后，空肠弯曲杆菌（C. jejuni）从约4 log CFU / 25 g生鸡肉达到不可检测的水平。电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法的分析表明，处理后的生鸡肉中的锌含量从0.02增加到0.17 mg / cm ²。扫描电子显微镜验证了处理后没有纳米颗粒迁移到生鸡肉上。空肠弯曲杆菌的失活与乳酸菌在生鸡肉中以pH依赖的方式增加乳酸含量有关。少于Zn ^2+的5％在中性pH值时，ZnO NPs会释放ZnO NPs，而在2天内pH值＜3.5时，ZnO NPs的释放率高达88％。全转录组测序（RNA-Seq）分析表明，ZnO NP对基因本体论所涉及的涉及各种细胞发育过程的基因具有广泛的影响。两者合计，结果表明功能化的吸收垫通过固定化的ZnO NPs和可控的Zn ²⁺释放来使生鸡肉中的空肠弯曲杆菌失活。