Hydrogen energy with clean, high–energy density, and renewable characteristics has been regarded as an ideal energy to solve the current energy crisis and environmental pollution problems. Water splitting driven by renewable resource–derived electricity and direct use of sunlight based on electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reactions are two promising ways for sustainable hydrogen production. The development and design of efficient electrocatalysts and photocatalysts for hydrogen production is one of the most challenging and demanding missions for today's scientists. In this review, the basic principle and performance evaluation parameters of electrocatalytic and photocatalytic hydrogen production are first introduced, followed by a comprehensive summary of the research progress in electrocatalysts and photocatalysts for hydrogen production from water splitting. Subsequently, special focus is put on the surface and interfacial regulation strategies of electrocatalysts and photocatalysts for improving their H₂ production performances from water splitting, including morphology regulation, doping and surface defects, heterojunction construction, and cocatalyst modification. Finally, we also point out that the development of advanced electrocatalysts have the important positive effect for the design of efficient photocatalysts due to the similar nature between the electrocatalysts and cocatalysts in photocatalysis (the active sites that facilitate charge transfer and reduce the reaction energy barrier) during water splitting. We hope that this review article can give some inspirations and guidance for the design of efficient electrocatalytic and photocatalytic water splitting systems.

具有清洁，高能量密度和可再生特性的氢能已被视为解决当前能源危机和环境污染问题的理想能源。由可再生资源衍生的电力驱动的水分解以及基于电催化和光催化反应的阳光直接利用是可持续制氢的两种有前途的方式。开发和设计用于制氢的高效电催化剂和光催化剂是当今科学家最具挑战性和最高要求的任务之一。本文首先介绍了电催化和光催化制氢的基本原理和性能评价参数，其次是水分解制氢用电催化剂和光催化剂研究进展的全面总结。随后，重点放在了电催化剂和光催化剂的表面和界面调节策略上，以改善其氢水分解的_两种生产性能，包括形态调节，掺杂和表面缺陷，异质结构造和助催化剂改性。最后，我们还指出，由于光催化中电催化剂和助催化剂之间的相似性质（促进电荷转移并减少反应能垒的活性位），先进电催化剂的开发对高效光催化剂的设计具有重要的积极作用。在水分解过程中。我们希望这篇评论文章可以为设计高效的电催化和光催化水分解系统提供一些启发和指导。