Oncolytic virus immunotherapy is rapidly gaining interest in the field of immunotherapy against cancer. The minimal toxicity upon treatment and the dual activity of direct oncolysis and immune activation make therapy with oncolytic viruses (OVs) an interesting treatment modality. The safety and efficacy of several OVs have been assessed in clinical trials and, so far, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved one OV. Unfortunately, most treatments with OVs have shown suboptimal responses in clinical trials, while they appeared more promising in preclinical studies, with tumours reducing after immune cell influx. In several clinical trials with OVs, parameters such as virus replication, virus-specific antibodies, systemic immune responses, immune cell influx into tumours and tumour-specific antibodies have been studied as predictors or correlates of therapy efficacy. In this review, these studies are summarized to improve our understanding of the determinants of the efficacy of OV therapies in humans and to provide insights for future developments in the viro-immunotherapy treatment field.

溶瘤病毒免疫疗法正在迅速引起癌症免疫疗法领域的兴趣。治疗时的最小毒性以及直接溶瘤和免疫激活的双重活性使溶瘤病毒 (OV) 治疗成为一种有趣的治疗方式。几种 OV 的安全性和有效性已在临床试验中得到评估，到目前为止，美国食品和药物管理局 (FDA) 已批准了一种 OV。不幸的是，大多数 OV 治疗在临床试验中都显示出次优反应，而它们在临床前研究中似乎更有希望，免疫细胞流入后肿瘤减少。在 OV 的几项临床试验中，病毒复制、病毒特异性抗体、全身免疫反应等参数，免疫细胞涌入肿瘤和肿瘤特异性抗体已被研究作为治疗效果的预测因子或相关性。在这篇综述中，对这些研究进行了总结，以提高我们对人类 OV 疗法疗效决定因素的理解，并为病毒免疫疗法治疗领域的未来发展提供见解。