Abstract Macadamia nut is among the most important edible crops produced in Hawaii. Macadamia also accounts a significant amount of agricultural land in the state at about 6920 ha of active production. Currently, macadamia has one major insect pest that requires considerably more severe management than others; the macadamia felted coccid, Acanthococcus (previously Eriococcus) ironsidei. Horticultural oils and insect growth regulator insecticides are frequently used to control this pest, without any knowledge of economic injury level currently. This study quantified yield loss and impact on nut quality related to A. ironsidei in Hawaii, on two varieties in two different environments, one mesic, and the other dry. Based on these data, EIL estimates were developed for A. ironsidei on macadamia. There was significant variation in yield loss to A. ironsidei in the two varieties and locations. Some varieties of macadamia nut had severe yield losses under dry-habitat conditions, while others tolerated higher A. ironsidei infestations better, with a lower rate of yield loss. Kernel quality was largely not impacted by A. ironsidei infestation, and reduction in yield was the only impact detected. There were correspondingly variable EILs estimates from the different varieties and environments. The implications of high yield loss in a crop in the absence of a natural enemy of the primary pest are discussed. Results of this study will help to contribute to developing an effective integrated pest management program for A. ironsidei management in Hawaii.

中文翻译：

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在没有专门的天敌和经济伤害水平的情况下，澳洲坚果毡球虫对澳洲坚果产量的影响

摘要 澳洲坚果是夏威夷出产的最重要的食用作物之一。澳洲坚果在该州也占有大量农业用地，活跃生产约 6920 公顷。目前，澳洲坚果有一种主要害虫需要比其他害虫更加严格的管理；澳洲坚果毡球虫 Acanthococcus (以前称为 Eriococcus) ironsidei。园艺油和昆虫生长调节剂杀虫剂经常用于控制这种害虫，目前没有任何经济损失水平的知识。本研究量化了与夏威夷 A. Ironsidei 相关的坚果质量损失和对两种不同环境中两个品种的产量损失和影响，一个是中等环境，另一个是干燥环境。根据这些数据，对澳洲坚果上的 A. ironsidei 进行了 EIL 估计。A 的产量损失存在显着差异。Ironsidei 在两个品种和地点。某些品种的澳洲坚果在干旱栖息地条件下产量损失严重，而其他品种对更高的 A. ironsidei 侵染耐受性更好，产量损失率较低。玉米粒质量在很大程度上不受 A. ironsidei 侵染的影响，并且产量降低是检测到的唯一影响。来自不同品种和环境的 EIL 估计值相应地可变。讨论了在没有主要害虫天敌的情况下作物高产损失的影响。这项研究的结果将有助于为夏威夷 A. ironsidei 管理制定有效的综合虫害管理计划。而其他人则能更好地耐受更高的 A. ironsidei 侵染，产量损失率更低。玉米粒质量在很大程度上不受 A. ironsidei 侵染的影响，并且产量降低是检测到的唯一影响。来自不同品种和环境的 EIL 估计值相应地可变。讨论了在没有主要害虫天敌的情况下作物高产损失的影响。这项研究的结果将有助于为夏威夷 A. ironsidei 管理制定有效的综合虫害管理计划。而其他人则能更好地耐受更高的 A. ironsidei 侵染，产量损失率更低。玉米粒质量在很大程度上不受 A. ironsidei 侵染的影响，并且产量降低是检测到的唯一影响。来自不同品种和环境的 EIL 估计值相应地可变。讨论了在没有主要害虫天敌的情况下作物高产损失的影响。这项研究的结果将有助于为夏威夷 A. ironsidei 管理制定有效的综合虫害管理计划。来自不同品种和环境的 EIL 估计值相应地可变。讨论了在没有主要害虫天敌的情况下作物高产损失的影响。这项研究的结果将有助于为夏威夷 A. ironsidei 管理制定有效的综合虫害管理计划。来自不同品种和环境的 EIL 估计值相应地可变。讨论了在没有主要害虫天敌的情况下作物高产损失的影响。这项研究的结果将有助于为夏威夷 A. ironsidei 管理制定有效的综合虫害管理计划。