In recent years, the problem of rising salinity levels in the Shatt al-Arab river in southern Iraq has been repeated, which has directly affected the living and health situation and the agricultural activity of these areas. Six sampling stations were selected along Shatt al-Arab to estimate the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the river; these stations included the following: Qurna, Labani, City Centre, Kateban, Corniche, and Sihan. In addition, three Landsat-8 satellite images which were taken at the same time as collected samples also used for detecting the salinity in the river. After processing of atmospheric correction and inserted remote sensing indices, the reflectance of water extracted from satellite images was used to express the spectral characteristics of different TDS concentrations. Correlation and regression were used to obtain accurate models for detecting the salinity depending on the spectral reflectance of Landsat 8 operational land image OLI. The results presented Pearson correlation (r) value of 0.70, 0.97, and 0.71, and correlation coefficient (R²) of 0.56, 0.94, and 0.85 between field data with spectral data of salinity index 2 (SI-2) derived from the green and blue bands of Landsat obtained in 2015, 2017, and 2018 respectively. In conclusion, remote sensing and GIS technologies coupled with spectral modeling are useful tools for providing a solution of future water resources planning and management, and also offer great undertaking as a means to improve knowledge of water quality and support water decision making.

中文翻译：

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通过光谱指数估算水体中的总溶解固体案例研究：Shatt al-Arab River

近年来，伊拉克南部沙特阿拉伯河的盐度不断升高的问题屡屡发生，直接影响了这些地区的生活和健康状况以及农业活动。在沙特阿拉伯沿岸选择了六个采样站，以估算河中总溶解固体的浓度；这些站点包括：Qurna，Labani，市中心，Kateban，Corniche和Sihan。此外，与采集的样本同时拍摄的三幅Landsat-8卫星图像也用于检测河流中的盐度。经过大气校正和插入的遥感指数处理后，从卫星图像中提取的水的反射率用于表示不同TDS浓度的光谱特征。相关和回归用于获得准确的模型，该模型根据Landsat 8的可操作陆地图像OLI的光谱反射率来检测盐度。结果呈现出Pearson相关（r值分别为0.70、0.97和0.71，相关数据（R ²）分别为0.56、0.94和0.85，这些数据与从Landsat的绿色和蓝色波段获得的盐度指数2（SI-2）的光谱数据之间分别在2015年，2017年和2018年。总之，遥感和GIS技术与光谱建模相结合，是提供有用的工具，可为将来的水资源规划和管理提供解决方案，并且还可以作为提高水质知识和支持水决策的手段。