The reference frame of a global terrestrial network is defined by the origin, the orientation and the scale. The origin of the ITRF2014 is defined by the ILRS long-term solution, the orientation by no-net rotation conditions w.r.t. the previous reference frame (ITRF2008), and the scale by the mean values from global VLBI and SLR solution series (Altamimi et al. in J Geophys Res Solid Earth 121:6109–6131, 2016). With the release of the Galileo satellite antenna phase center offsets (PCO) w.r.t. the satellites center of mass (GSA in Galileo IOV and FOC satellite metadata, 2019) and the availability of new ground antenna calibrations for GNSS receivers, based on anechoic chamber measurements or on robot calibrations, GNSS global network solutions qualify to contribute to the scale determination of terrestrial networks, as well. Our analysis is based on global multi-GNSS solutions of the years 2017 and 2018 and may be seen as “proof of concept” for the contribution of GNSS data to the scale determination of the terrestrial reference frame. In a first step, the currently used Galileo PCO estimations (Steigenberger et al. in J Geod 90:773–785, 2016) are compared to the released PCO values, which show discrepancies on the decimeter-level. Eventually, the published Galileo PCOs are used in an experimental solution as known values. GNSS-specific PCOs are estimated, as well, for GPS and GLONASS, together with the “standard” parameters set up in global GNSS solutions. From the estimated network coordinates, a time series of daily scale parameters of the terrestrial network is extracted, which shows an offset of the order of 1 ppb (parts per billion, corresponding to a height difference of 6.4 mm on the Earth’s surface) w.r.t. to the ITRF2014 network and an annual variation with an amplitude of about 0.3 ppb.

中文翻译：

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使用校准接收器和伽利略卫星天线方向图确定 GNSS 比例

全球陆地网络的参考系由原点、方向和比例定义。ITRF2014 的原点由 ILRS 长期解决方案定义，无净旋转条件的方向 wrt 前一个参考框架 (ITRF2008)，以及来自全局 VLBI 和 SLR 解决方案系列的平均值的尺度 (Altamimi et al . 在 J Geophys Res Solid Earth 121:6109–6131, 2016)。随着伽利略卫星天线相位中心偏移 (PCO) 与卫星质心（伽利略 IOV 和 FOC 卫星元数据中的 GSA，2019 年）的发布以及基于消声室测量或在机器人校准方面，GNSS 全球网络解决方案也有资格为地面网络的规模确定做出贡献。我们的分析基于 2017 年和 2018 年的全球多 GNSS 解决方案，可被视为 GNSS 数据对陆地参考框架尺度确定的贡献的“概念证明”。第一步，将当前使用的伽利略 PCO 估计（Steigenberger 等人在 J Geod 90:773–785, 2016 中）与已发布的 PCO 值进行比较，后者显示了分米级的差异。最终，已发布的 Galileo PCO 作为已知值用于实验解决方案中。还针对 GPS 和 GLONASS 估计了特定于 GNSS 的 PCO，以及在全球 GNSS 解决方案中设置的“标准”参数。从估计的网络坐标中，提取了地面网络日尺度参数的时间序列，其显示偏移量级为 1 ppb（十亿分之一，