Microinstabilities and waves excited at moderate-Mach-number perpendicular shocks in the near-Sun solar wind are investigated by full particle-in-cell simulations. By analyzing the dispersion relation of fluctuating field components directly issued from the shock simulation, we obtain key findings concerning wave excitations at the shock front: (1) at the leading edge of the foot, two types of electrostatic (ES) waves are observed. The relative drift of the reflected ions versus the electrons triggers an electron cyclotron drift instability (ECDI) that excites the first ES wave. Because the bulk velocity of gyro-reflected ions shifts to the direction of the shock front, the resulting ES wave propagates oblique to the shock normal. Immediately, a fraction of incident electrons are accelerated by this ES wave and a ring-like velocity distribution is generated. They can couple with the hot Maxwellian core and excite the second ES wave around the upper hybrid frequency. (2) From the...

中文翻译：

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在近太阳太阳风垂直冲击下微不稳定性和波的PIC模拟：Parker太阳探测器和太阳轨道器的预测

通过全粒子模拟研究了在近太阳太阳风中在中等马赫数垂直冲击下激发的微不稳定性和波。通过分析直接由冲击模拟产生的波动场分量的色散关系，我们获得了与冲击前沿的波激励有关的主要发现：（1）在脚的前缘，观察到两种类型的静电（ES）波。反射离子相对于电子的相对漂移会触发电子回旋加速器漂移不稳定性（ECDI），从而激发第一个ES波。由于陀螺仪反射离子的整体速度向冲击前沿方向移动，因此产生的ES波向冲击法线倾斜传播。立即，ES波加速了一部分入射电子，并产生了环形速度分布。它们可以与热的麦克斯韦核心耦合，并在较高混合频率附近激发第二个ES波。（2）从...