The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of four pioneer species, i.e., batai (Paraserianthes moluccana), ludai (Sapium baccatum), mahang (Macaranga gigantea), and sesendok (Endospermum malaccense). Correlation of factors influencing density, shrinkage, and mechanical properties were also discussed. Samples were obtained from the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) campus. From the result obtained, these four pioneer species characterised by medium-to-large vessel with absent of tyloses and gum deposit, fine ray, thin walled fibre, runkel ratio less than 1.0, low in density, and mechanical properties. Sesendok has significantly higher value in fibre length, fibre diameter, fibre lumen diameter, fibre wall thickness, vessel diameter, density, MOR, MOE, compression parallel to grain, and shear parallel to grain compared to the other three pioneer species which were 2001 µm, 45 µm, 35 µm, 5.1 µm, 300 µm, 514 kg/m3, 79.5 N/mm2, 9209 N/mm2, 38.7 N/mm2, and 10.1 N/mm2, respectively. Between these four pioneer species, ludai has significantly higher in runkel ratio which was 0.57, whereas mahang shows significantly higher in slenderness ratio and number of vessels/mm2 which were 50.2 and 5 vessel/mm2, respectively. On the other hand, batai has higher tangential, radial and longitudinal shrinkage compared to ludai, mahang, and sesendok which were 3.0%, 2.4%, and 0.8%, respectively. Based on the basic property study, batai, ludai, mahang, and sesendok could be suitable for pulp and paper, plywood, light construction, furniture, interior finishing, and general utility. Fibre length, fibre wall thickness, and vessel diameter correlated significantly with density and mechanical properties. Shrinkage and mechanical properties were significantly influenced by density.

中文翻译：

---

马来西亚四种先锋物种的解剖，物理和力学特性

这项研究的目的是评估四种先驱物种的解剖，物理和力学特性，即八泰（Paraserianthes moluccana），芦带（Sapium baccatum），麻亨（Macaranga gigantea）和芝麻（芝麻）。还讨论了影响密度，收缩率和机械性能的因素的相关性。样品从马来西亚森林研究所（FRIM）校园获得。从获得的结果来看，这四个先锋物种的特征是中型到大型的容器，没有胎盘和胶质沉积物，细射线，薄壁纤维，Runkel比值小于1.0，密度低，并且具有机械性能。Sesendok在纤维长度，纤维直径，纤维内腔直径，纤维壁厚，容器直径，密度，MOR，MOE，平行于晶粒的压缩，与其他三个先驱物种相比，它们具有平行于谷物的剪切力和剪切力，分别是2001 µm，45 µm，35 µm，5.1 µm，300 µm，514 kg / m3、79.5 N / mm2、9209 N / mm2、38.7 N / mm2和分别为10.1 N / mm2。在这四个先驱物种之间，陆代的runkel比率显着较高，为0.57，而马航的纤细比率和容器数/ mm2显着较高，分别为50.2和5容器/ mm2。另一方面，与鹿带，麻行和芝麻汤相比，八泰的切向，径向和纵向收缩率更高，分别为3.0％，2.4％和0.8％。根据基础性能研究，八泰，鲁岱，麻行和三圣多可适用于纸浆和纸张，胶合板，轻型建筑，家具，室内装修和一般用途。纤维长度，纤维壁厚，血管直径与密度和机械性能显着相关。收缩率和机械性能受到密度的显着影响。