Histone modification genes (HMs) play potential roles in plant growth and development via influencing gene expression and chromatin structure. However, limited information is available about HMs genes in grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). Here, we described detailed genome-wide identification of HMs gene families in grapevine. We identified 117 HMs genes in grapevine and classified these genes into 11 subfamilies based on conserved domains and phylogenetic relationships with Arabidopsis. We described the genes in terms of their chromosomal locations and exon-intron distribution. Further, we investigated the evolutionary history, gene ontology (GO) analysis, and syntenic relationships between grapes and Arabidopsis. According to results 21% HMs genes are the result of duplication (tandem and segmental) events and all the duplicated genes have negative mode of selection. GO analysis predicted the presence of HMs proteins in cytoplasm, nucleus, and intracellular organelles. According to seed development expression profiling, many HMs grapevine genes were differentially expressed in seeded and seedless cultivars, suggesting their roles in seed development. Moreover, we checked the response of HMs genes against powdery mildew infection at different time points. Results have suggested the involvement of some genes in disease resistance regulation mechanism. Furthermore, the expression profiles of HMs genes were analyzed in response to different plant hormones (Abscisic acid, Jasmonic acid, Salicylic acid, and Ethylene) at different time points. All of the genes showed differential expression against one or more hormones. VvHMs genes might have potential roles in grapevine including seed development, disease resistance, and hormonal signaling pathways. Our study provides first detailed genome-wide identification and expression profiling of HMs genes in grapevine.

中文翻译：

---

葡萄藤中组蛋白修饰基因的生物信息学和表达分析预测它们参与种子发育、白粉病抗性和激素信号传导。


组蛋白修饰基因（HM）通过影响基因表达和染色质结构在植物生长和发育中发挥潜在作用。然而，有关葡萄 (Vitis vinifera L.) 中 HMs 基因的信息有限。在这里，我们描述了葡萄中 HMs 基因家族的详细全基因组鉴定。我们在葡萄中鉴定了 117 个 HMs 基因，并根据保守结构域和与拟南芥的系统发育关系将这些基因分为 11 个亚科。我们根据基因的染色体位置和外显子-内含子分布来描述这些基因。此外，我们研究了葡萄和拟南芥之间的进化历史、基因本体（GO）分析和同线性关系。根据结果​​，21％的HMs基因是重复（串联和分段）事件的结果，并且所有重复基因都具有负选择模式。 GO 分析预测了细胞质、细胞核和细胞内细胞器中 HMs 蛋白的存在。根据种子发育表达谱，许多 HMs 葡萄基因在有籽和无籽品种中差异表达，表明它们在种子发育中的作用。此外，我们还检查了 HMs 基因在不同时间点对白粉病感染的反应。结果表明一些基因参与抗病调节机制。此外，还分析了不同时间点不同植物激素（脱落酸、茉莉酸、水杨酸和乙烯）响应的 HMs 基因的表达谱。所有基因都表现出针对一种或多种激素的差异表达。 VvHMs 基因可能在葡萄中发挥潜在作用，包括种子发育、抗病性和激素信号通路。 我们的研究首次提供了葡萄中 HMs 基因的详细全基因组鉴定和表达谱。