ABSTRACT

The advent of wireless technologies has revolutionized the way we communicate. The steady upsurge in the use of mobile phone all over the world in the last two decades, while triggered economic growth, has caused substantial damage to the environment, both directly and indirectly. The electromagnetic radiation generated from mobile phones, radio-based stations, and phone towers, high-voltage power lines have been reported which leads to the variety of health scares such as the risk of cancer in human beings and adverse effects in animals, birds, etc. Though the usage of such radiation emitting from mobile phones has risen steeply, there is a lack of proper knowledge about the associated risks. The review provides the latest research evidence based both on in vitro studies, in vivo studies, and possible gaps in our knowledge. Moreover, the present review also summarizes available literature in this subject, reports and studies which will help to form guidelines for its exposure limits to the public.

Abbreviations: Continuous Wave: CW; Code Division Multiple Access: CDMA; Global System for Mobile Communications: GSM; Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell: PBMC; Radiofrequency: RF; Radiofrequency radiation: RFR; Universal Mobile Telecommunications System: UMTS; Wideband Code Division Multiple Access: WCDMA; Specific Absorption Rate: SAR; National Toxicology Program: NTP; amplitude-modulated or amplitude-modulation: AM; Electromagnetic frequencies: EMF; confidence interval: CI; Gigahertz: GHz; odds ratio: OR; incidence ratio: IR; reactive oxygen species: ROS; specific absorption rate: SAR; International Agency of Research on Cancer: IARC; single-strand breaks: SSB; double-strand breaks: DSB (7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene): DMBA; Hour: h; international commission on non-ionizing radiation protection: ICNIRP; extremely low frequency: ELFl; microtesla: mT; Gigahertz: GHz; hertz: Hz; decibel: dB; kilometer: Km; Watt per square meter: W/m²; Hour: h; positron emission tomography: PET

摘要

无线技术的出现彻底改变了我们的通信方式。在过去的二十年中，全球手机使用率的稳步上升，在引发经济增长的同时，直接和间接地对环境造成了重大破坏。据报道，手机、无线电台、电话塔、高压电线产生的电磁辐射会导致各种健康恐慌，例如人类患癌症的风险以及对动物、鸟类、等。虽然手机发出的此类辐射的使用量急剧上升，但对相关风险缺乏适当的认识。该综述提供了基于体外研究、体内研究的最新研究证据研究，以及我们知识中可能存在的空白。此外，本综述还总结了该主题的现有文献、报告和研究，这将有助于形成其对公众的暴露限制指南。

缩写：连续波：CW；码分多址：CDMA；全球移动通信系统：GSM；外周血单个核细胞：PBMC；射频：射频；射频辐射：RFR；通用移动电信系统：UMTS；宽带码分多址：WCDMA；比吸收率：SAR；国家毒理学计划：NTP；调幅或调幅：AM；电磁频率：EMF；置信区间：CI；千兆赫：GHz；优势比：或；发病率：IR；活性氧：ROS；比吸收率：SAR；国际癌症研究机构：IARC；单链断裂：SSB；双链断裂：DSB（7,12-二甲基苯并[a]蒽）：DMBA；小时：小时；国际非电离辐射保护委员会：ICNIRP；极低频：ELFl；微特斯拉：mT；千兆赫：GHz；赫兹：赫兹；分贝：分贝；公里：公里；每平方米瓦特：W/m² ; 小时：小时；正电子发射断层扫描：PET