BOX 1. Summary of key terms and concepts

Indigenous people

People who have a multigenerational long‐term association with a given place, Indigenous people are often defined as those who are descended from people who have been present in a location prior to colonization by another ethnic group. The United Nations considers self‐identification as Indigenous as key to being Indigenous and Indigenous people will often be communities with their own customs, traditions and laws (Hill et al., 2020).

Local people

People who currently live in an area and often have multigenerational association with a given place but are not necessarily defined as Indigenous. They are connected to a given place by their livelihoods, cultural identities and knowledge (Hill et al., 2020), but do not necessarily self‐identify as Indigenous, are not necessarily the earliest inhabitants of an area or inhabitants prior to a colonization by another ethnic group.

Indigenous and local knowledge

There are many Peoples and communities with different cultures and understandings of natural systems, which may be profoundly different from each other. Therefore, there is not one unified definition for Indigenous and local knowledge beyond it being the knowledge of Indigenous and local people which often pertains to social–ecological systems. Despite the diversity within Indigenous and local knowledge systems among peoples and cultures, there are some common characteristics such as that knowledge emerges from a close association with the land, is passed down through generations and often integrates culture, practice and beliefs (Gadgil, Berkes, & Folke, 1993). Note that people can also engage in multiple knowledge systems, such as in the case of Indigenous scientists, who are both scientists and Indigenous knowledge holders.

Governance

The way in which a system is managed, or resources are allocated, and the processes of influencing, steering, controlling or managing the actions of different parts of society to achieve management goals. This process occurs at multiple spatial scales involving multiple actors for example, governments, agencies, NGOs and households and multiple and sometimes sets of conflicting goals (Muñoz‐Erickson et al., 2016).

Epistemology

The nature of knowledge, the way in which knowledge is created and claims about what can be known, for example, do we believe there is a single objective truth or multiple possible mental constructions of reality (Moon & Blackman, 2014). Science has a specific epistemology focusing on claims of objectivity, claims about the existence and prioritization of universal facts, the importance of reasoning based on controlled experiments and causal reasoning for identifying mechanisms. Other cultural traditions have different epistemologies.

Comanagement

A form of governance where power and responsibility for management and decision‐making is shared between government and resource users through partnerships (Berkes, 2009b).

Rights holders

People or groups with rights to land or resources, these can either be formulated in law or governed by local customs (Franks, Booker, & Roe, 2018).

Stakeholders

People or groups with interests or concerns related to land or resources (Franks et al., 2018).

There are many reasons for Indigenous and local knowledge holders and scientists to work together and it should, in theory, be an enriching win–win situation from multiple perspectives. To get to this point, however, we need to develop appropriate methodological toolboxes to gain insights from multiple knowledge systems and create situations that maximize the chances that those insights are used appropriately to inform management and decision‐making. Emerging methods demonstrate new perspectives on why interdisciplinarity is needed across these difficult knowledge differences and differences in worldviews, as well as how to do it. We hope through this Special Feature, we can continue to learn from the breadth of approaches that are have been applied and are emerging for Indigenous and local knowledge holders and scientists working together, and identify some of the needs and expectations of Indigenous and local knowledge holders when collaborating with scientists to develop research methods and to inform decision‐making. As a framing to the Special Feature, here we address the following questions:

• What are the needs and benefits of Indigenous and local knowledge‐science partnerships?
• What are the challenges and tensions that can occur within these partnerships?
• What are important attributes of knowledge and information when conducting research for informed management decision‐making
• How well do existing modes of synthesis and collaboration between knowledge systems support the equitable inclusion of Indigenous and local knowledge in research for informed management and decision‐making and how do we measure success in this process?

方框1.关键术语和概念摘要

土著人

与给定位置具有多代人长期联系的人，土著人通常被定义为那些在另一个种族殖民之前曾在某个地方居住过的人的后代。联合国认为自我认同是土著居民的关键，而土著人民通常是具有自己习俗，传统和法律的社区（Hill等人，  2020年）。

当地人

当前居住在一个区域中且通常与给定位置具有多代人联系的人，但不一定被定义为土著人。他们通过生计，文化身份和知识与给定的地方联系起来（Hill等人，  2020年），但不一定自我确定为土著，不一定是该地区最早的居民或在被殖民者殖民之前另一个种族。

土著和地方知识

有许多不同的文化和对自然系统的理解的人民和社区，它们之间可能有很大的不同。因此，对土著和地方知识没有统一的定义，它是通常与社会生态系统有关的土著和地方人民的知识。尽管各民族和文化之间的土著和地方知识体系存在差异，但仍存在一些共同特征，例如知识是与土地紧密联系而产生的，是世代相传的，并且经常融合文化，实践和信仰（加吉尔，伯克斯， ＆Folke，  1993年）。请注意，人们还可以参与多种知识系统，例如，既是科学家又是土著知识持有者的土著科学家。

管治

管理系统或分配资源的方式，以及影响，指导，控制或管理社会不同部分的行为以实现管理目标的过程。这个过程发生在多个空间尺度上，涉及多个参与者，例如政府，机构，非政府组织和家庭以及多个甚至有时是相互冲突的目标集（Muñoz-Erickson等，2016）。

认识论

知识的本质，知识的创造方式以及对已知知识的主张，例如，我们是否相信存在单个客观真理或现实的多种可能的心理建构（Moon＆Blackman，  2014年）。科学具有特定的认识论，关注的是客观性的主张，关于普遍事实的存在和优先级的主张，基于受控实验的推理的重要性以及用于识别机制的因果推理。其他文化传统具有不同的认识论。

共同管理

一种治理形式，通过合作关系，政府和资源用户之间共享管理和决策的权力和责任（Berkes，  2009b）。

权利人

拥有土地或资源权利的人或团体可以根据法律制定，也可以受当地习俗的约束（Franks，Booker，＆Roe，  2018）。

利益相关者

对土地或资源有兴趣或关切的人或团体（Franks等，  2018）。

土著和地方知识拥有者与科学家们合作的原因很多，从理论上讲，这应该是一个多赢的双赢局面。但是，要达到这一点，我们需要开发适当的方法工具箱，以从多个知识系统中获取见解，并创建各种情况，以最大程度地利用这些见解来为管理和决策提供信息。新兴的方法展示了新的观点，说明了为什么在这些困难的知识差异和世界观差异之间需要跨学科性，以及如何做到这一点。我们希望通过此特殊功能，我们可以继续学习已为土著和地方知识持有者以及一起工作的科学家所应用和发展的各种方法，与科学家合作开发研究方法并为决策提供依据时，应确定土著和地方知识拥有者的一些需求和期望。作为特殊功能的框架，我们在这里解决以下问题：

• 土著和地方知识科学伙伴关系的需求和收益是什么？
• 在这些伙伴关系中可能发生什么挑战和紧张关系？
• 在进行明智的管理决策研究时，知识和信息的重要属性是什么？
• 知识系统之间现有的综合和协作模式如何良好地支持将土著和地方知识公平地纳入研究中，以进行明智的管理和决策，我们如何衡量这一过程的成功？