How ecological interaction networks emerge on evolutionary time scales remains unclear. Here we build an individual‐based eco‐evolutionary model for the emergence of mutualistic, antagonistic and neutral bipartite interaction networks. Exploring networks evolved under these scenarios, we find three main results. First, antagonistic interactions tend to foster species and trait diversity, while mutualistic interactions reduce diversity. Second, antagonistic interactors evolve higher specialisation, which results in networks that are often more modular than neutral ones; resource species in these networks often display phylogenetic conservatism in interaction partners. Third, mutualistic interactions lead to networks that are more nested than neutral ones, with low phylogenetic conservatism in interaction partners. These results tend to match overall empirical trends, demonstrating that structures of empirical networks that have most often been explained by ecological processes can result from an evolutionary emergence. Our model contributes to the ongoing effort of better integrating ecological interactions and macroevolution.

中文翻译：

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基于个人的双向互动网络的生态进化模型。

生态相互作用网络如何在进化的时间尺度上出现尚不清楚。在这里，我们建立了基于个人的生态进化模型，以建立互惠，对立和中立的两方互动网络。探索在这些情况下演进的网络，我们发现三个主要结果。首先，对抗性相互作用往往会促进物种和性状的多样性，而相互影响的相互作用则会减少多样性。其次，对抗性相互作用者发展出更高的专业化水平，这导致网络通常比中性网络更具模块化。这些网络中的资源物种通常在互动伙伴中表现出系统进化保守性。第三，互惠互动导致网络比中立网络更嵌套，互动伙伴的系统进化保守性较低。这些结果倾向于与整体经验趋势相吻合，表明经验网络的结构最常被生态过程解释，这可能是进化出现的结果。我们的模型有助于更好地整合生态相互作用和宏观进化的持续努力。