The chemical analysis of homemade explosives (HMEs) and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) remains challenging for fieldable analytical instrumentation and sensors. Complex explosive fuel-oxidizer mixtures, black and smokeless powders, flash powders, and pyrotechnics often include an array of potential organic and inorganic components that present unique interference and matrix effect difficulties. The widely varying physicochemical properties of these components as well as external environmental interferents and background challenge many sampling and sensing modalities. This review provides perspective on these emerging challenges, critically discusses developments in sampling, sensors, and instrumentation, and showcases advancements for the trace detection of inorganic-based explosives.

对于现场分析仪器和传感器来说，自制炸药 (HME) 和简易爆炸装置 (IED) 的化学分析仍然具有挑战性。复杂的爆炸性燃料氧化剂混合物、黑色无烟火药、闪光火药和烟火通常包含一系列潜在的有机和无机成分，这些成分呈现出独特的干扰和基质效应困难。这些成分的物理化学性质差异很大，以及外部环境干扰物和背景对许多采样和传感方式提出了挑战。这篇综述提供了对这些新兴挑战的看法，批判性地讨论了采样、传感器和仪器的发展，并展示了无机爆炸物痕量检测的进展。