Environmental pollution is a major issue, yet actual remediation techniques are limited. Carbon-based materials are increasingly used to treat air and water. Here we review the applications of carbon nanomaterials made of biochar, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes and graphene for the adsorption of toxic gases, the removal of pollutants from ecosystems, and the improvement of anaerobic digestion. Carbon materials have been found efficient in removing nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, heavy metals, dyes, pharmaceutical compounds and other pollutants from the environment, with adsorption efficiencies reaching 80% and degradation efficiencies up to 99%. Biochar addition induces a 60% improvement in biogas production. Similarly, in composting, up to 60% less ammonia emissions were observed when biochar was added. Biomass-based carbon materials appear economical, sustainable and eco-friendly.

环境污染是一个主要问题，但是实际的修复技术是有限的。碳基材料越来越多地用于处理空气和水。在这里，我们回顾了由生物炭，活性炭，碳纳米管和石墨烯制成的碳纳米材料在吸附有毒气体，从生态系统中去除污染物以及改善厌氧消化方面的应用。已经发现碳材料可有效去除环境中的一氧化氮，硫化氢，重金属，染料，药物化合物和其他污染物，吸附效率高达80％，降解效率高达99％。添加生物炭可导致沼气产量提高60％。同样，在堆肥过程中，添加生物炭可减少多达60％的氨气排放。