Quantum batteries are energy storage or extraction devices in a quantum system. Here, we present a closed-loop quantum battery by utilizing a circularly coupled three-state quantum system, and investigate its charging dynamics. The charging performance is greatly improved due to the existence of the third field in the system to form a closed-contour interaction. Through appropriately selecting the third control field, the maximum average power can be increased, even far beyond the ideal maximum power value of non-closed-loop three-level quantum battery. We study the effect of the global driving-field phase on the charging process and find that both the maximum extractable work (“ergotropy”) and the charging power vary periodically under different control fields, with a period of ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/images/0295-5075/131/4/43001/epl20250ieqn1.gif] {$2\pi$} . Possible experimental implementation in nitrogen-vacancy spin is discussed as well.

中文翻译：

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闭环三级充电量子电池

量子电池是量子系统中的能量存储或提取设备。在这里，我们提出一种利用环耦合三态量子系统的闭环量子电池，并研究其充电动力学。由于系统中存在第三场以形成闭合轮廓相互作用，因此充电性能得到了极大的改善。通过适当地选择第三控制场，可以增加最大平均功率，甚至远远超过非闭环三能级量子电池的理想最大功率值。我们研究了全局驱动场阶段对充电过程的影响，发现最大可提取功（“人体工程学”）和充电功率在不同的控制场下周期性变化，周期为## IMG ## [http ：//ej.iop.org/images/0295-5075/131/4/43001/epl20250ieqn1。gif] {$ 2 \ pi $}。还讨论了氮空位旋转中可能的实验实现。